Early Age of the First Myopic Spectacle Prescription, as an Indicator of Early Onset of Myopia, Is a Risk Factor for High Myopia in Adulthood

Abstract

Purpose: The present study investigated the risk factors for high myopia in adulthood, with a focus on the age at which children wore their first spectacles.

Methods: Adults aged between 20 and 45 years were invited to complete a questionnaire about age, sex, current refractive error, high myopia in parents, early onset of myopia presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, refractive power of the first spectacles, and life habits at different educational stages. The associations between these factors and high myopia in adulthood were then evaluated and analyzed.

Results: In total, 331 participants were enrolled. Their average refractive error was -4.03 diopters, and high myopia was noted in 27.5% of the study participants. Only 3.3% of participants had fathers with high myopia, while 6.0% had mothers with high myopia. The participants received their first myopic spectacle prescription at a mean age of 13.35 years, with a mean refractive error of -1.63 diopters. The significant risk factors for developing high myopia in adult life were earlier age of the first spectacles prescribed (p < 0.001), higher refractive power of the first spectacles (p < 0.001), mother with high myopia (p=0.015), and after-school class attendance in senior high school (p=0.018). Those who wore their first spectacles at <9 years of age were more predisposed to high myopia than those who did so at ≧13 years, with an odds ratio of 24.9.

Conclusion: The present study shows that earlier onset of myopia, which is presented by the age of the first myopic spectacle prescription, higher myopic refraction of the first spectacles, mothers with high myopia, and after-school class attendance in senior high school are risk factors for high myopia in adulthood. It suggests that delaying the onset of myopia in children is important for the prevention of high myopia in later life.

Figure 1

: A self-completed questionnaire was used to collect sex, age, current myopia degree, high myopia in parents, age at first spectacle use, refractive power of first spectacles, and life habits at four different educational stages.

Figure 2

The mean of the time utilized in engaging in near work, outdoor sports, and indoor sports in four different educational stages. The time utilized in engaging in work that requires close eye concentration of near work showed a significant positive linear trend (p < 0.001), and outdoor sports showed a significant negative linear trend (p < 0.001). The time of indoor sports showed the lowest time at all four stages. Error bars indicate 1 standard deviation (SD).