Biochemical, clinical and genetic characteristics in adults with persistent hypophosphatasaemia; Data from an endocrinological outpatient clinic in Denmark

Abstract

Background: Hypophosphatasia (HPP) is an inborn disease caused by pathogenic variants in ALPL. Low levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) are a biochemical hallmark of the disease. Scarce knowledge about the prevalence of HPP in Scandinavia exists, and the variable clinical presentations make diagnostics challenging. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of ALPL variants as well as the clinical and biochemical features among adults with endocrinological diagnoses and persistent hypophosphatasaemia.

Methods: A biochemical database containing ALP measurements of 26,121 individuals was reviewed to identify adults above 18 years of age with persistently low levels of ALP beneath range (≤ 35 ± 2.7 U/L). ALPL genetic testing, biochemical evaluations and assessment of clinical features by a systematic questionnaire among included patients, were performed.

Results: Among 24 participants, thirteen subjects (54.2%) revealed a disease-causing variant in ALPL and reported mild clinical features of HPP, of which musculoskeletal pain was the most frequently reported (n = 9). The variant c. 571G > A; p.(Glu191Lys) was identified in six subjects, and an unreported missense variant (c.1019A > C; p.(His340Pro)) as well as a deletion of exon 2 were detected by genetic screening. Biochemical analyses showed no significant differences in ALP (p = 0.059), the bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) (p = 0.056) and pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP) (p = 0.085) between patients with an ALPL variant and negative genetic screening. Patients with a variant in ALPL had significantly higher PLP levels than healthy controls (p = 0.002). We observed normal ALP activity in some patients classified as mild HPP, and slightly increased levels of PLP in two subjects with normal genetic screening and four healthy controls. Among 51 patients with persistent hypophosphatasaemia, fifteen subjects (29.4%) received antiresorptive treatment. Two patients with unrecognized HPP were treated with bisphosphonates and did not show complications due to the treatment.

Conclusions: Pathogenic variants in ALPL are common among patients with endocrinological diagnoses and low ALP. Regarding diagnostics, genetic testing is necessary to identify mild HPP due to fluctuating biochemical findings. Antiresorptive treatment is a frequent reason for hypophosphatasaemia and effects of these agents in adults with a variant in ALPL and osteoporosis remain unclear and require further studies.

Keywords: ALPL; Alkaline phosphatase; Bisphosphonates; Hypophosphatasia; Osteoporosis.

Fig. 1

Flowchart visualising the inclusion and recruitment process of the study. ALP = alkaline phosphatase. ALPL+ = participants in whom a variant in ALPL was identified. ALPL- = individuals with normal genetic screening.

Fig. 2

Individual measurements and median of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the bone specific ALP (BALP) and pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) in the ALPL+ (n = 12) and ALPL- (n = 11) group at the screening visit. PLP values of both groups were compared with healthy controls, matched 1:2 (Control to ALPL+, n = 24; Control to ALPL-, n = 22). Reference intervals: ALP (18–115 years): 35–105 U/L; BALP M (40–125 years): 7.5–25.1 μg/L, W (25–30 years): 5.9–30.0 μg/L, W (30–50 years): 6.5–21.1 μg/L, W (50–125 years): 8.3–29.4 μg/L; PLP (15–73 nmol/L). ns = not significant, ** < 0.01, M = Men, W = Women.