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. 2021 Jul 14;11(1):14471.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-93950-x.

Longitudinal monitoring of laboratory markers characterizes hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients

Thirumalaisamy P Velavan  1   2 , Salih Kuk  3 , Le Thi Kieu Linh  3   4 , Carlos Lamsfus Calle  3 , Albert Lalremruata  3 , Srinivas Reddy Pallerla  3   4 , Andrea Kreidenweiss  3 , Jana Held  3 , Meral Esen  3   5 , Julian Gabor  3 , Eva Maria Neurohr  3 , Parichehr Shamsrizi  6   7 , Anahita Fathi  7   8   9 , Erwin Biecker  10 , Christoph P Berg  11 , Michael Ramharter  6   12   7 , Marylyn Martina Addo  7   8   9 , Benno Kreuels  6   7   13 , Peter G Kremsner  3   5
Affiliations

Longitudinal monitoring of laboratory markers characterizes hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients

Thirumalaisamy P Velavan et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Early detection of severe forms of COVID-19 is absolutely essential for timely triage of patients. We longitudinally followed-up two well-characterized patient groups, hospitalized moderate to severe (n = 26), and ambulatory mild COVID-19 patients (n = 16) at home quarantine. Human D-dimer, C-reactive protein (CRP), ferritin, cardiac troponin I, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were measured on day 1, day 7, day 14 and day 28. All hospitalized patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive on admission, while all ambulatory patients were SARS-CoV-2 positive at recruitment. Hospitalized patients had higher D-dimer, CRP and ferritin, cardiac troponin I and IL-6 levels than ambulatory patients (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.016, p = 0.035, p = 0.002 respectively). Hospitalized patients experienced significant decreases in CRP, ferritin and IL-6 levels from admission to recovery (p < 0.001, p = 0.025, and p = 0.001 respectively). Cardiac troponin I levels were high during the acute phase in both hospitalized and ambulatory patients, indicating a potential myocardial injury. In summary, D-dimer, CRP, ferritin, cardiac troponin I, IL-6 are predictive laboratory markers and can largely determine the clinical course of COVID-19, in particular the prognosis of critically ill COVID-19 patients.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Longitudinal monitoring of D-dimers in hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Figure was created using ggplot2 package version 3.3.0. supported on R program software.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Longitudinal monitoring of C-reactive protein in hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Figure was created using ggplot2 package version 3.3.0. supported on R program software.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Longitudinal monitoring of ferritin levels in hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Figure was created using ggplot2 package version 3.3.0. supported on R program software.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Longitudinal monitoring of Cardiac troponin I in hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Figure was created using ggplot2 package version 3.3.0. supported on R program software.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Longitudinal monitoring of interleukin-6 in hospitalized and ambulatory COVID-19 patients. Figure was created using ggplot2 package version 3.3.0. supported on R program software.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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