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Review
. 2021 Jul 9:13:283-292.
doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S288137. eCollection 2021.

Dietary Factors Affecting the Prevalence and Impact of Periodontal Disease

Simona Santonocito  1 , Alessandro Polizzi  1 , Giuseppe Palazzo  1 , Francesco Indelicato  1 , Gaetano Isola  1
Affiliations
Review

Dietary Factors Affecting the Prevalence and Impact of Periodontal Disease

Simona Santonocito et al. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. .

Abstract

In the last few decades, growing evidence have shown a possible impact of diet and nutrients on oral health. This review aims to describe, in the light of current knowledge, the role of diet, nutrients, and micronutrients in periodontal health and periodontal diseases. A variety of macronutrients and micronutrients could have an impact on periodontal health. The balanced intake of unprocessed complex carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, omega-3 fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins positively affects periodontal inflammation. On the other way, refined carbohydrates, non-vegetable proteins, proinflammatory saturated fatty acids and an unbalanced supply of vitamins and minerals may increase periodontal inflammation. This review will discuss the current evidence that shows how a healthy and balanced diet has anti-inflammatory and protective effects on periodontal health. Therefore, it appears that adopting a correct lifestyle and diet should be encouraged in patients with oral and periodontal disease.

Keywords: diet; macronutrients; micronutrients; nutrition; oral health; periodontitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declares that they have no conflicts of interest in the present manuscript.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Macronutrients and micronutrients mechanistically associated with the regulation of inflammatory processes. Reprinted from The Journal of the American Dental Association, 140(2), Chapple IL, Potential mechanisms underpinning the nutritional modulation of periodontal inflammation, 178–184, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Postprandial dysmetabolism: diets rich in refined carbohydrates and saturated fats stimulate inflammation via the generation of excess ROS and oxidative stress. Reprinted from The Journal of the American Dental Association, 140(2), Chapple IL, Potential mechanisms underpinning the nutritional modulation of periodontal inflammation, 178–184, Copyright (2009), with permission from Elsevier.
Figure 3
Figure 3
The complex oxidation-reduction pathways through which oxidative stress is abrogated by various antioxidant micronutrients, through redox-cycling reactions. Glutathione is ultimately the chain-breaking antioxidant species that forms the nonradical GSSG (oxidized glutathione) and is also a master regulator of the cellular redox state and inflammatory gene transcription factors. Reproduced from Dommisch H, Kuzmanova D, Jönsson D, et al. Effect of micronutrient malnutrition on periodontal disease and periodontal therapy. Periodontol. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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