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. 2023;27(6):3367-3388.
doi: 10.1007/s00500-021-06012-9. Epub 2021 Jul 13.

Weather indicators and improving air quality in association with COVID-19 pandemic in India

Rabin Chakrabortty  1 , Subodh Chandra Pal  1 , Manoranjan Ghosh  2 , Alireza Arabameri  3 , Asish Saha  1 , Paramita Roy  1 , Biswajeet Pradhan  4   5   6   7 , Ayan Mondal  8 , Phuong Thao Thi Ngo  9 , Indrajit Chowdhuri  1 , Ali P Yunus  10 , Mehebub Sahana  11 , Sadhan Malik  1 , Biswajit Das  1
Affiliations

Weather indicators and improving air quality in association with COVID-19 pandemic in India

Rabin Chakrabortty et al. Soft comput. 2023.

Retraction in

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic enforced nationwide lockdown, which has restricted human activities from March 24 to May 3, 2020, resulted in an improved air quality across India. The present research investigates the connection between COVID-19 pandemic-imposed lockdown and its relation to the present air quality in India; besides, relationship between climate variables and daily new affected cases of Coronavirus and mortality in India during the this period has also been examined. The selected seven air quality pollutant parameters (PM10, PM2.5, CO, NO2, SO2, NH3, and O3) at 223 monitoring stations and temperature recorded in New Delhi were used to investigate the spatial pattern of air quality throughout the lockdown. The results showed that the air quality has improved across the country and average temperature and maximum temperature were connected to the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This outcomes indicates that there is no such relation between climatic parameters and outbreak and its associated mortality. This study will assist the policy maker, researcher, urban planner, and health expert to make suitable strategies against the spreading of COVID-19 in India and abroad.

Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00500-021-06012-9.

Keywords: Air quality index; Analytical neural network; COVID-19; Lockdown; Mortality.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interestThe authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Map of the study area with point location of data sources
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Methodology flowchart
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Spatial distribution of PM2.5 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (a), spatial distribution of PM10 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (b), spatial distribution of NO2 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (c), spatial distribution of NH3 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (d), spatial distribution of SO2 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (e), spatial distribution of CO (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (f), spatial distribution of ozone (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (g), and spatial distribution of air quality index in before and during lockdown periods (h)
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Spatial distribution of PM2.5 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (a), spatial distribution of PM10 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (b), spatial distribution of NO2 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (c), spatial distribution of NH3 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (d), spatial distribution of SO2 (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (e), spatial distribution of CO (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (f), spatial distribution of ozone (µg/m3) in before and during lockdown periods (g), and spatial distribution of air quality index in before and during lockdown periods (h)
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Trend of major pollutants in some selected monitoring station
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Trend of major pollutants in some selected monitoring station
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Correlation of different pollutants in India during lockdown
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Structure of the network in ANN model
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Accuracy of the model using observed versus predicted values
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
Importance of the variable in ANN model
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Variability of temperature in before and during lockdown periods
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Trend of positive COVID-19 cases in different temporal periods
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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