Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Jul 19;7(7):CD010771.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010771.pub3.

Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the detection of dementia within a general practice (primary care) setting

Jennifer K Burton  1 , Patricia Fearon  2 , Anna H Noel-Storr  3 , Rupert McShane  4 , David J Stott  5 , Terry J Quinn  6
Affiliations

Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the detection of dementia within a general practice (primary care) setting

Jennifer K Burton et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: The IQCODE (Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly) is a commonly used questionnaire based tool that uses collateral information to assess for cognitive decline and dementia. Brief tools that can be used for dementia "screening" or "triage" may have particular utility in primary care / general practice healthcare settings but only if they have suitable test accuracy. A synthesis of the available data regarding IQCODE accuracy in a primary care setting should help inform cognitive assessment strategies for clinical practice; research and policy.

Objectives: To determine the accuracy of the informant-based questionnaire IQCODE, for detection of dementia in a primary care setting.

Search methods: A search was performed in the following sources on the 28th of January 2013: ALOIS (Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group), MEDLINE (Ovid SP), EMBASE (Ovid SP), PsycINFO (Ovid SP), BIOSIS (Ovid SP), ISI Web of Science and Conference Proceedings (ISI Web of Knowledge), CINHAL (EBSCOhost) and LILACs (BIREME). We also searched sources specific to diagnostic test accuracy: MEDION (Universities of Maastricht and Leuven); DARE (York University); HTA Database (Health Technology Assessments Database via The Cochrane Library) and ARIF (Birmingham University). We developed a sensitive search strategy; search terms were designed to cover key concepts using several different approaches run in parallel and included terms relating to cognitive tests, cognitive screening and dementia. We used standardized database subject headings such as MeSH terms (in MEDLINE) and other standardized headings (controlled vocabulary) in other databases, as appropriate.

Selection criteria: We selected those studies performed in primary care settings, which included (not necessarily exclusively) IQCODE to assess for the presence of dementia and where dementia diagnosis was confirmed with clinical assessment. For the "primary care" setting, we included those healthcare settings where unselected patients, present for initial, non-specialist assessment of memory or non-memory related symptoms; often with a view to onward referral for more definitive assessment.

Data collection and analysis: We screened all titles generated by electronic database searches and abstracts of all potentially relevant studies were reviewed. Full papers were assessed for eligibility and data extracted by two independent assessors. Quality assessment (risk of bias and applicability) was determined using the QUADAS-2 tool. Reporting quality was determined using the STARDdem extension to the STARD tool.

Main results: From 71 papers describing IQCODE test accuracy, we included 1 paper, representing data from 230 individuals (n=16 [7%] with dementia). The paper described those patients consulting a primary care service who self-identified as Japanese-American. Dementia diagnosis was made using Benson & Cummings criteria and the IQCODE was recorded as part of a longer interview with the informant. IQCODE accuracy was assessed at various test thresholds, with a "trade-off" between sensitivity and specificity across these cutpoints. At an IQCODE threshold of 3.2 sensitivity: 100%, specificity: 76%; for IQCODE 3.7 sensitivity: 75%, specificity: 98%. Applying the QUADAS-2 assessments, the study was at high risk of bias in all categories. In particular degree of blinding was unclear and not all participants were included in the final analysis.

Authors' conclusions: It is not possible to give definitive guidance on the test accuracy of IQCODE for the diagnosis of dementia in a primary care setting based on the single study identified. We are surprised by the lack of research using the IQCODE in primary care as this is, arguably, the most appropriate setting for targeted case finding of those with undiagnosed dementia in order to maximise opportunities to intervene and provide support for the individual and their carers.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

No relevant disclosures or conflicts of interest for the content of this review.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram.
2
2
Risk of bias and applicability concerns summary: review authors' judgements about each domain for each included study
1
1. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.2
2
2. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.3
3
3. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.4
4
4. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.5
5
5. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.6
6
6. Test
IQCODE for diagnosis of dementia at threshold 3.7
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Tokuhara 2006 {published data only}
    1. Tokuhara KG, Valcour VG, Masaki KH, Blanchette PL. Utility of the IQCODE for dementia in a Japanese American population. Hawai'i Medical Journal 2006;65:72-5. - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

Abreu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Abreu ID, Nunes PV, Diniz BS, Forlenza OV. Combining functional scales and cognitive tests in screening for mild cognitive impairment at a university based memory clinic in Brazil. Rev Bras Pisquiatr 2008;30:346-9. - PubMed
Butt 2008 {published data only}
    1. Butt Z. Sensitivity of the IQCODE an application of item response theory. Aging, neuropsychology and cognition 2008;15:642-55. - PubMed
Cherbuin 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ, Lipnicki DM. Screening for dementia a review of self and informant assessment instruments. International Psychogeriatrics 2008;20:431-58. - PubMed
de Jonge 1997 {published data only}
    1. De Jonghe JFM. Differentiating between demented and psychiatric patients with the dutch version of IQCODE. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997;12:462-5. - PubMed
Dekkers 2009 {published data only}
    1. Dekkers M, Joosten-Weyn Banningh EW, Eling PA. Awareness in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Tijdschr Gerontol Geriatr 2009;40:17-23. - PubMed
Diefeldt 2007b {published data only}
    1. Diesfeldt HFA. Informant based measures may over estimate cognitive impairment in elderly patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2007;22:1166-70. - PubMed
Ehrensperger 2010 {published data only}
    1. Enrensperger MM, Berres M, Taylor KI, Monsch AU. Screening properties of the German IQCODE with a two year time frame in MCI and early Alzheimer's disease. International Psychogeriatrics 2010;22:91-100. - PubMed
Farias 2002 {published data only}
    1. Farias ST, Mungas D, Reed B, Haan MN, Jagust WJ. Everyday imaging in relation to cognitive functioning and neuroimaging in community dwelling Hispanic and non Hispanic older adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 2004;10:342-54. - PMC - PubMed
Finneli (abstract) {published data only}
    1. Finelli L, Kunze U, Gautier A, Gomez-Mancilla B, Monsch A. Algorithms to retrospectively diagnose mild cognitive impairment and dementia in a longitudinal study of ageing and dementia. In: abstract ICAD. 2009.
Fuh 1995 {published data only}
    1. Fuh JL, Teng EL, Lin KN, Larson EB, Wang SJ, Liu CY, et al. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Dcline in the Elderly as a screening tool for dementia for a predominantly illiterate Chinese population. Neurology 1995;45:92-6. - PubMed
Garcia 2002 {published data only}
    1. Forcano Garcia M, Perlado Ortiz de Pinedo F. Cognitive deterioration: use of the short version of the Informant Test (IQCODE) in the geriatrics consultations. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontolgia 2002;37:81-5.
Goncalves 2011 {published data only}
    1. Goncalves DC, Arnold E, Appadurai K, Byrne GJ. Case finding in dementia: comparative utility of three brief instruments in the memory clinic setting. International Psychogeriatrics 2011;23:788-96. - PubMed
Hancock 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hancock P, Larner AJ. Diagnostic utility of the IQCODE and its combination with ACE-R in a memory clinic based population. International Psychogeriatrics 2009;21:526-30. - PubMed
Harwood 1997 {published data only}
    1. Harwood DMJ, Hope T, Jacoby R. Cognitive impairment in medical inpatients - screening for dementia is history better than mental state. Age and Ageing 1997;26:31-5. - PubMed
Hayden 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hayden KM, Khachaturian AS, Tschanz JT, Corcoran C, Nortond M, Breitner JCS. Characteristics of a two-stage screen for incident dementia. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2003;56:1038-45. - PubMed
Henon 2001 {published data only}
    1. Henon H, Durieu I, Guerouaou D, Lebert F, Pasquier F, Leys D. Poststroke dementia incidence and relationship to pre-stroke cognitive decline. Neurology 2001;57:1216-22. - PubMed
Isella 2002 {published data only}
    1. Isella V, Villa ML, Frattola L, Appollonio I. Screening cognitive decline in dementia preliminary data on the Italian version of the IQCODE. Neurological Sciences 2002;23:s79-80. - PubMed
Isella 2006 {published data only}
    1. Isalla V, Villa L, Russo A, Regazzoni R, Ferrarese C, Appollonio IM. Discriminitive and predictive power of an informant report in mild cognitive impairment. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery and psychiatry 2006;77:166-71. - PMC - PubMed
Jorm 1988a {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Korten AE. Assessment of cognitive decline in the elderly by informant interview. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988;152:209–13. - PubMed
Jorm 1989 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Jacomb PA. The informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly (IQCODE) sociodemographic correlates; reliability; validity and some norms. Psychological Medicine 1989;19:1015-22. - PubMed
Jorm 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Scott R, Cullen JS, MacKinnon AJ. Performance of the IQCODE as a screening test for dementia. Psychological Medicine 1991;21:785-90. - PubMed
Jorm 1994 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF. A short form of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) : development and cross validation. Psychological Mmedicine 1994;24:145-53. - PubMed
Jorm 1996A {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Mackinnon A. Informant ratings of cognitive decline of elderly people relationships to longitudinal change on cognitive tests. Age and Ageing 1996;25:125-9. - PubMed
Jorm 1997 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF. Methods of screening for dementia: a meta-analysis of studies comparing an informant interview with a brief cognitive test. Alzheimers Disease and Associated Disorders 1997;11:158-62. - PubMed
Jorm 2000 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Korten AE, Jacomb PA, Henderson AS. Informant ratings of cognitive decline in old age. Psychological Medicine 2000;30:981-5. - PubMed
Jorm 2000a {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF, Christensen H, Henderson AS, Jacomb PA, Korten AE, Mackinnon A. Informant ratings of cognitive decline in old age: validation against change on cognitive tests over 7-8 years. Psychological Medicine 2000;30:981-5. - PubMed
Jorm 2003 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF. The value of informant reports for assessment and prediction of dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Association 2003;51:881-2. - PubMed
Jorm 2004 {published data only}
    1. Jorm AF. The IQCODE a review. International Psychogeriatrics 2004;16:275-93. - PubMed
Kathriarachi 2001 {published data only}
    1. Kathriarachchi ST, Sivayogan S, Jayaratna SD, Dharmasena SR. Comparison of three instruments used in the assessment of dementia in Sri Lanka. Indian Journal of Psychiatry 2005;47:109-12. - PMC - PubMed
Khachaturian 2000 {published data only}
    1. Khachaturian AS, Gallo JJ, Breitner JC. Performance characteristics of a two stage dementia screen in a population sample. Journal of clinical epidemiology 2000;53:531-40. - PubMed
Knaefelc 2003 {published data only}
    1. Knafelc R, Giudice DL, Harrigan S, Cook R, Flicker L, Mackinnon A, et al. The combination of cognitive testing and an informant questionnaire in screening for dementia. Age and Ageing 2003;32:541-7. - PubMed
Krogseth 2011 {published data only}
    1. Krogseth M, Wyller TB, Engedal K, Juliebo V. Delirium is an important predictor of incident dementia among elderly hip fracture patients. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2011;31:63-70. - PubMed
Larner 2010 {published data only}
    1. Larner AJ. Can IQCODE differentiate Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal dementia. Age and ageing 2010;39:392-4. - PubMed
Larner 2013 {published data only}
    1. Cherbuin N, Jorm AF. Chapter 8. The Informant Questionnaire for Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. In: Larner AJ, editors(s). Cognitive Screening Instruments. London: Springer-Verlag, 2013:166-79.
Law 1995 {published data only}
    1. Law S, Wolfson C. Validation of a French version of an informant based questionnaire as a screening test for Alzheimer's disease. The British Journal of Psychiatry 1995;167:541-544.. - PubMed
Li 2012 {published data only}
    1. Li F, Jia XF, Jia J. The Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly individuals in screening mild cognitive impairment with or without functional impairment. Journal Geraitric Psychaitry and Neurology 2012;25:227-32. - PubMed
Louis 1999 {published data only}
    1. Louis B, Harwood D, Hope T, Jacoby R. Can an informant questionnaire be used to predict the development of dementia in medical inpatients. International Journal of Geraitric Psychaitry 1999;14:941-5. - PubMed
Mackinnon 1998 {published data only}
    1. Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. Combining cognitive testing and informant report to increase accuracy in screening for dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1998;155:1529-35. - PubMed
Mackinnon 2003 {published data only}
    1. Mackinnon A, Khalilian A, Jorm AF, Korten AE, Christensen H, Mulligan R. Improving screening accuracy for dementia in a community sample by augmenting cognitive testing with informant report. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 2003;56:358–66. - PubMed
Mimori (abstract) {published data only}
    1. Mimori Y. Cognitive decline and detection of dementia among the Japanese population analysis with CASI and IQCODE. In: Conference proceedings. 2000:s451.
Morales 1995 {published data only}
    1. Morales JM, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Bermejo F, Del-Ser T. The screening of mild dementia with a shortened Spanish version of the Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders 1995;9:105-1.. - PubMed
Morales 1997 (rural) {published data only}
    1. Morales JM, Bermejo F, Romero M, Del-Ser T. Screening of dementia in community dwelling elderly through informant report. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997;12:808-16. [these are data from independent rural cohort] - PubMed
Morales 1997 (urban) {published data only}
    1. Morales JM, Bermejo F, Romero M, Del-Ser T. Screening of dementia in community dwelling elderly through informant report. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1997;12:808-816.. - PubMed
Morales‐Gonzalez 1992 {published data only}
    1. Morales-Gonzalez JM, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI, Del Ser Quijano T, Bermejo Pareja F. Validation of the S-IQCODE: the Spanish version of the informant questionnaire on cognitive decline in the elderly. Archivos de neurobiologia 1992;55(6):262-6. - PubMed
Mulligan 1996 {published data only}
    1. Mulligan R, Mackinnon A, Jorm A, Giannakopoulos P, Michel J. A comparison of alternative methods of screening for dementia in clinical settings. Archives of Neurology 1996;53:532-6. - PubMed
Narasimhalu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Narasimhalu K, Lee J, Auchus AP, Chen CPLH. Improviong detection of dementia in Asian Patients with Low education combining the MMSE and the IQCODE. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 2008;25:17-22.. - PubMed
Ozel‐kizel 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ozel-Kizel ET, Turan ED, Yilmaz E, Cangoz B, Uluc S. Discriminant validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the IQCODE. Archives of clinical neuropsychology 2010;25:139-45. - PubMed
Peroco 2009 {published data only}
    1. Perroco TR, Zevallos Bustamente SE, Pilar Q Moreno M, Hototian SR, Lopes MA, Azevedo D, et al. Performance of Brazilian long and short IQCODE on the screening of dementia in elderly people with low education. International Psychogeriatrics 2009;21:531-8. - PubMed
Potter 2009 {published data only}
    1. Potter GG, Plassman BL, Burke JR, Kabeto MU, Langa KM, Llewellyn DJ, et al. Cognitive performance and informant reports in the diagnosis of cognitive impairment and dementia in African Americans and whites. Alzheimers and Dementia 2009;5:445-53. - PMC - PubMed
Razavi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Razavi M, Margrett J, Oakland A, Martin P. Comparison of two informant questionnaire screening tools for dementia. In: abstract. 2011. - PMC - PubMed
Ritchie 1992 {published data only}
    1. Ritchie K, Fuhrer R. A comparative study of the performance of screening tests for senile dementia using receiver operating characteristics analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 1992;45:627-37. - PubMed
Rodriguez‐Molinero 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rodriguez-Molinero A, Lopez-Dieguez M, Medina IP, Tabuenca AI, la Cruz JJ, Banegas JR. Cognitive assessment of elderly patients in the emergency department. Revista Espanola de Geriatria y Gerontolgia 2010;45:183-8. - PubMed
Rovner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Rovner BW, Casten RJ, Arenson C, Salzman B, Kornsey EB. Racial differences in the recognition of cognitive dysfunction in older persons. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders 2012;26:44-9. - PubMed
Sanchez 2009 {published data only}
    1. dos Santos Sanchez MA, Lourenco RA. IQCODE cross cultural adaptation for use in Brazil. Cad Saude Publica Rio de Janiero 2009;25:1455-65. - PubMed
Schofield 2006 {published data only}
    1. Schoffield PW. Discrepancies in cognitive history from patient and informant in relation to cognitive function. Res Pract Alzheimer's Dis 2006;11:328-31.
Senanorong 2001 {published data only}
    1. Senanarong V, Assavisaraporn S, Sivasiriyanonds N, Printarakul T, Jamjumrus S, Udompunthurunk S, et al. The IQCODE an alternative screening test for dementia for low educated Thai elderly. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 2001;84:648-55.. - PubMed
Sikkes 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sikkes SAM, den Berg MT, Knol DL, de-Lange-de Klerk ESM, Scheltens P, Uitdehaag BMJ, et al. How useful is IQCODE for discriminating between Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and subjective memory complaints? Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 2010;30:411-6. - PubMed
Siri 2006 {published data only}
    1. Siri S, Okanurak K, Chansirikanjana S, Kitiyaporn D, Jorm AF. Modified IQCODE as a screening test for dementia for Thai elderly. Southeast Asian Jounal Tropical Medicine and Public Health 2006;37:587-94. - PubMed
Srikanth 2006 {published data only}
    1. Srikanth V, Thrift AG, Fryer JL, Saling MM. The validity of brief screening cognitive assessments in the diagnosis of cognitive impairments and dementia after first ever stroke. International Psychogeriatrics 2006;18:295-305. - PubMed
Starr 2000 {published data only}
    1. Starr JM, Nicolson C, Anderson K, Dennis MS, Deary IJ. Correlates of informant rated cognitive decline after stroke. Cerebrovsacular Diseases 2000;10:214-20. - PubMed
Tang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Tang WK, Sandra SMC, Chiu HFK, Wong KS, Kwok TCY, Mok V, et al. Can IQCODE detect post stroke dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2003;18:706-10. - PubMed
Thomas 1994 {published data only}
    1. Thomas LD, Gonzales MF, Chamberlain A, Beyreuther K, Masters CL, Flicker L. Comparison of clinical state retrospective informant interview and the neuropathological diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 1994;9:233-6.
Wierderholt 1999 {published data only}
    1. Wiederholt WC, Galasko D, Salmon DP. Utility of CASI and IQCODE as screening instruments for dementia in natives of Guam. In: abstract (world congress of neurology). 1997.
Wolfe 2009 {published data only}
    1. Wolf SA, Kubatschek K, Henry M, Harth S, Edbert AD, Wallesch CW. Informant report of cognitive changes in the elderly. A first evaluation of the German version of the IQCODE. Nervenartz 2009;10:1178-80. - PubMed
Yamada 2011 {published data only}
    1. Mimori Y, Miyachi T, Ohshita T, Nakamura S, Yamada M, Sasaki H, et al. Cognitive decline and detection of dementia among the Japanese population. Anlaysis with the CASI and IQCODE. In: conference proceedings (poster). 2011.
Zevallos‐Bustamente 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zevallos Bustamante SE, Bottino CMC, Lopes MA, Dionísio Azevedo D, Hototatian SR, Litvoc J, et al. Combined instruments on the evaluation of dementia in the elderly preliminary results. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 2003;61:601-6. - PubMed
Zhang 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zhang XQ, Zhou JS, Wang LD, Meng C, Chen B. Memory complaints in the clinical diagnosis of dementia. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7:4254-5.
Zhou 2002 {published data only}
    1. Zhou JS, Zhang XQ, Wang L. Telephone questionnaire a new method for screening dementia. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2002;6:3166-7.
Zhou 2003 {published data only}
    1. Zhou J, Xinqing Z, Wang L, Meng C, Chu C, Chen B. Orientation memory concentration test and short IQCODE in the elderly screen dementia by telephone. Chinese Journal of Clinical Rehabilitation 2003;7:1529-31.
Zhou 2004 {published data only}
    1. Zhou JS, Zhang XQ, Wang L. Telephone IQCODE for dementia. In: abstract. 2004.

Additional references

Albert 2011
    1. Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC et al. The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Ageing and Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's and Dementia 2011;7(3):270-9. - PMC - PubMed
Bahar‐Fuchs 2013
    1. Bahar-Fuchs A, Clare L, Woods B. Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 6. Art. No: CD003260. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003260.pub2] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Banerjee 2009
    1. Banerjee S, Wittenberg R. Clinical and cost effectiveness of services for early diagnosis and intervention in dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24(7):748-54. - PubMed
Banerjee 2010
    1. Banerjee S. Living well with dementia - development of the national dementia strategy for England. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2010;25(9):917-22. - PubMed
Birks 2006
    1. Birks J. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No: CD005593. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005593] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Bossuyt 2003
    1. Bossuyt PM, Reitsma JB, Bruns DE, Gatsonis CA, Glasziou PP, Irwig LM et al. Towards complete and accurate reporting of studies of diagnostic accuracy: the STARD initiative. BMJ 2003;326(7379):41-4. - PMC - PubMed
Boustani 2003
    1. Boustani M, Peterson B, Hanson L, Harris R, Lohr KN. Screening for dementia in primary care: a summary of the evidence for the US Preventative Services Task Force. Annals of Internal Medicine 2003;138(11):927-37. - PubMed
Brodaty 2002
    1. Brodaty H, Pond D, Kemp NM, Luscombe G, Harding L, Berman K et al. The GPCOG: a new screening test for dementia designed for general practice. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2002;50(3):530-4. - PubMed
Burns 2004
    1. Burns A, Lawlor B, Craig S. Assessment Scales in Old Age Psychiatry. Andover Thomson Publishing Services, 2004.
Carpenter 2008
    1. Carpenter BD, Xiong C, Porensky EK, Lee MM, Brown PJ, Coats M, Johnson D, Morris JC. Reaction to a Dementia Diagnosis in Individual's with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2008;56(3):405-12. - PubMed
Chodosh 2004
    1. Chodosh J, Petitti DB, Elliott M, Hays RD, Crooks VC, Reuben DB et al. Physician recognition of cognitive impairment: evaluating the need for improvement. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2004;52(7):1051-9. - PubMed
Cordell 2013
    1. Cordell CB, Borson S, Boustani M, Chodosh J, Reuben D, Verghese J et al, Medicare Detection of Cognitive Impairment Workgroup. Alzheimer's Association recommendations for operationalizing the detection of cognitive impairment during the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit in a primary care setting. Alzheimer’s & Dementia 2013;9(2):141-50. - PubMed
Cordoliani‐Mackowiak 2003
    1. Cordoliani-Mackowiak MA, Hénon H, Pruvo JP, Pasquier F, Leys D. Poststroke dementia influence of hippocampal atrophy. Archives of Neurology 2003;60(4):585-90. - PubMed
Cullen 2007
    1. Cullen B, O’Neill B, Evans JJ, Coen RF, Lawlor BA. A review of screening tests for cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 2007;78(8):790–9. - PMC - PubMed
Cummings 1986
    1. Cummings JL, Benson DF. Dementia of the Alzheimer's type. An inventory of diagnostic clinical features. Journal of the American Geriatric Society 1986;34(1):12-19. - PubMed
Davis 2013
    1. Davis DHJ, Creavin ST, Noel-Storr A, Quinn TJ, Smailagic N, Hyde C, Brayne C, McShane R, Cullum S. Neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease dementia and other dementias: a generic protocol for cross-sectional and delayed-verification studies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 3. Art. No: CD010460. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010460] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Erkinjuntti 2000
    1. Erkinjuntti T, Inzitari D, Pantoni L. Research criteria for subcortical vascular dementia in clinical trials. Journal of Neural Transmission Supplementum 2000;59:23–30. - PubMed
Ferri 2005
    1. Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet 2005;366(9503):2112-7. - PMC - PubMed
Folstein 1975
    1. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Minimental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research 1975;12(3):189–98. - PubMed
Fowler 2012
    1. Fowler NR, Boustani MA, Frame A, Perkins AJ, Monahan P, Gao S, Sachs GA, Hendrie HC. Effect of Patient Perceptions on Dementia Screening in Primary Care. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 2012;60(6):1037-43. - PMC - PubMed
Galvin 2005
    1. Galvin JE, Roe CM, Powlishta KK, Coats MA, Muich SJ, Grant E et al. The AD8: A brief informant interview to detect dementia. Neurology 2005;65(4):559-64. - PubMed
Glanville 2010
    1. Glanville JM, Cikalo M, Crawford F, Dozier M, Lowson P. Handsearching for reports of diagnostic test accuracy studies: adding to the evidence base. In: Oral presentation, Joint Cochrane and Campbell Colloquium, Keystone, Colorado. 2010.
Greenhalgh 2005
    1. Greenhalgh T, Peacock R. Effectiveness and efficiency of search methods in systematic reviews of complex evidence: audit of primary sources. BMJ 2005;331(7524):1064-5. - PMC - PubMed
Hebert 2003
    1. Hebert LE, Scherr PA, Bienas JL, Bennett DA, Evans DA. Alzheimers disease in the US population: prevalence estimates using the 2000 census. Archives of Neurology 2003;60:1119-22. - PubMed
Hebert 2013
    1. Hebert LE, Weuve J, Scherr PA, Evans DA. Alzheimer's disease in the United States (2010-2050) estimated using the 2010 census.. Neurology 2013;80:1778-83. [DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31828726f5] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Holsinger 2007
    1. Holsinger T, Deveau J, Boustani M, Williams JW Jr. Does this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007;297(21):2391-404. - PubMed
Iliffe 2003
    1. Iliffe S, Manthorpe J, Eden A. Sooner or later? Issues in the early diagnosis of dementia in general practice: a qualitative study. Family Practice 2003;20(4):376-81. - PubMed
Iliffe 2009
    1. Iliffe S, Robinson L, Brayne C, Goodman C, Rait G, Manthorpe J, Ashley P, and the DeNDRoN Primary Care Clinical Studies Group. Primary care and dementia: 1. diagnosis, screening and disclosure. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2009;24:895-901. - PubMed
Jorm 1988
    1. Jorm AF, Korten AE. Assessment of cognitive decline in the elderly by informant interview. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988;152:209–13. - PubMed
Mathews 2013
    1. Mathews S, Arnold S, Epperson C. Hospitalization and Cognitive Decline: Can the Nature of the Relationship be Deciphered? The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 2013;22(5):465-480. - PMC - PubMed
McKeith 2005
    1. McKeith IG, Dickson DW, Lowe J, Emre M, O’Brien JT, Feldman H et al. Diagnosis and management of dementia with Lewy bodies: third report of the DLB Consortium. Neurology 2005;65(12):1863–72. - PubMed
McKhann 1984
    1. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlan EM. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease. Neurology 1984;34(7):939–44. - PubMed
McKhann 2001
    1. McKhann GM, Albert MS, Grossman M, Miller B, Dickson D, Trojanowski JQ, Work Group on Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick's Disease. Clinical and pathological diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia: report of the Work Group on Frontotemporal Dementia and Pick's Disease. Archives of Neurology 2001;58(11):1803-9. - PubMed
McKhann 2011
    1. McKhann GM, Knopman DS, Chertkow H, Hyman BT, Jack CRJ, Kawas CH et al. The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease:recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroup. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2011;7(3):263-9. - PMC - PubMed
McShane 2006
    1. McShane R, Areosa Sastre A, Minakaran N. Memantine for dementia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 2. Art. No: CD003154. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003154.pub5] - DOI - PubMed
Menon 2011
    1. Menon R, Larner AJ. Use of cognitive screening instruments in primary care: the impact of national dementia directives (NICE/SCIE, National Dementia Strategy). Family Practice 2011;28(3):272-6. - PubMed
Prince 2013
    1. Prince M, Bryce R, Albanese E, Wimo A, Ribeiro W, Ferri CP. The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2013;9(1):63-75. - PubMed
Quinn 2014
    1. Quinn TJ, Fearon P, Noel-Storr AH, Young C, McShane R, Stott DJ. Informant Questionnaire on Cognitive Decline in the Elderly (IQCODE) for the diagnosis of dementia within community dwelling populations. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 4. Art. No: CD010079. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010079.pub2] - DOI - PubMed
RevMan 2011 [Computer program]
    1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Review Manager (RevMan) 5.1. The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration. Copenhagan: The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration., 2011.
Rockwood 1998
    1. Rockwood K, Howard K, Thomas VS, Mallery L, MacKnight C, Sangalang V et al. Retrospective diagnosis of dementia using an informant interview based on the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale. International Psychogeriatrics 1998;10(1):53-60. - PubMed
Roman 1993
    1. Roman GC, Tatemichi TK, Erkinjutti T, Cummings JL, Masdeu JC, Garcia JH et al. Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Report of the NINDS-AIREN International Workshop. Neurology 1993;43(2):250-60. - PubMed
Sampson 2009
    1. Sampson E, Blanchard M, Jones L, Tookman A, King M. Dementia in the acute hospital: prospective cohort study of prevalence and mortality. The British Journal of Psychiatry 2009;195(1):61-6. - PubMed
Savva 2009
    1. Savva GM, Wharton SB, Ince PG, Forster G, Matthews FE, Brayne C et al. Age, neuropathology and dementia. New England Journal of Medicine 2009;360(22):2302-9. - PubMed
Sperling 2011
    1. Sperling RA, Aisen PS, Beckett LA, Bennett DA, Craft S, Fagan AM et al. Toward defining the preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2011;7(3):280-92. - PMC - PubMed
Valcour 2000
    1. Valcour VG, Masaki KH, Curb JD, Blanchette PL. The detection of dementia in the primary care setting. Archives of Internal Medicine 2000;160(19):2964-8. - PubMed

Publication types