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. 2021 Jul 5;18(13):7194.
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18137194.

Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review

Jocelyne Gare  1   2 , Aida Kanoute  3 , Nicolas Meda  2 , Stephane Viennot  1 , Denis Bourgeois  1 , Florence Carrouel  1
Affiliations

Periodontal Conditions and Pathogens Associated with Pre-Eclampsia: A Scoping Review

Jocelyne Gare et al. Int J Environ Res Public Health. .

Abstract

Background: Pre-eclampsia, the second most frequent direct source of maternal mortality, is a multisystem gestational disorder characterized by proteinuria and maternal hypertension after the 20th gestational week. Although the causes of pre-eclampsia are still discussed, research has suggested that the placenta has a central place in the pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, current surveys indicated that periodontal disorders observed during the pregnancy and more particularly, periodontal pathogens could be link to the risk of pre-eclampsia.

Objectives: This article aims to review recent studies focusing on periodontal conditions and pathogens associated with pre-eclampsia.

Methods: The process followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines.

Results: Metabolic conditions, immunological changes, fluctuating progesterone and estrogen levels of the pregnant woman induce a dysbiosis of the oral microbiota and contribute to increase inflammation of periodontal tissues. Periodontal pathogens could diffuse through the bloodstream inducing a placenta inflammatory response as well as inflammatory molecules produced in response to periodontopathogens could migrate through the bloodstream leading to a placenta inflammatory response. Also, periodontopathogens can colonize the vaginal microbiota through the gastrointestinal tract or during oro-genital contacts.

Conclusion: A cumulative bi-directional relationship between periodontal conditions, pathogens and the pre-eclampsia exists.

Keywords: dysbiosis; gingivitis; inflammation; oral microbiota; periodontal disease; periodontal pathogens; placenta; pre-eclampsia; pregnancy.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA-ScR flowchart of study selection process.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Summary of the results based on the Grade process. High (⬤⬤⬤⬤) when the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect, moderate (⬤⬤⬤◯) when is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different, low (⬤⬤◯◯) when may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect, and very low (⬤◯◯◯) when is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Immunological changes during the pregnancy.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Oral microbiota associated with the pregnancy.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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