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Review
. 2022 Jan;237(1):59-85.
doi: 10.1002/jcp.30529. Epub 2021 Jul 19.

TGF-β signaling: A recap of SMAD-independent and SMAD-dependent pathways

Sabreena Aashaq  1 , Asiya Batool  2 , Shabir Ahmad Mir  3 , Mushtaq Ahmad Beigh  4 , Khurshid Iqbal Andrabi  5 , Zaffar Amin Shah  1
Affiliations
Review

TGF-β signaling: A recap of SMAD-independent and SMAD-dependent pathways

Sabreena Aashaq et al. J Cell Physiol. 2022 Jan.

Abstract

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a proinflammatory cytokine known to control a diverse array of pathological and physiological conditions during normal development and tumorigenesis. TGF-β-mediated physiological effects are heterogeneous and vary among different types of cells and environmental conditions. TGF-β serves as an antiproliferative agent and inhibits tumor development during primary stages of tumor progression; however, during the later stages, it encourages tumor development and mediates metastatic progression and chemoresistance. The fundamental elements of TGF-β signaling have been divulged more than a decade ago; however, the process by which the signals are relayed from cell surface to nucleus is very complex with additional layers added in tumor cell niches. Although the intricate understanding of TGF-β-mediated signaling pathways and their regulation are still evolving, we tried to make an attempt to summarize the TGF-β-mediated SMAD-dependent andSMAD-independent pathways. This manuscript emphasizes the functions of TGF-β as a metastatic promoter and tumor suppressor during the later and initial phases of tumor progression respectively.

Keywords: angiogenesis; chemoresistance; metastasis.

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References

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