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Review
. 2021 Jul 18:S0211-6995(21)00114-4.
doi: 10.1016/j.nefro.2021.04.006. Online ahead of print.

Quantification and Treatment of Congestion in Heart Failure: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview

[Article in English, Spanish]
Rafael de la Espriella  1 , Enrique Santas  1 , Isabel Zegri Reiriz  2 , José Luis Górriz  3 , Marta Cobo Marcos  4 , Julio Núñez  5
Affiliations
Free article
Review

Quantification and Treatment of Congestion in Heart Failure: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview

[Article in English, Spanish]
Rafael de la Espriella et al. Nefrologia (Engl Ed). .
Free article

Abstract

Renal sodium and water retention with resulting extracellular volume expansion and redistribution are hallmark features of heart failure syndromes. However, congestion assessment, monitoring, and treatment represent a real challenge in daily clinical practice. This document reviewed historical and contemporary evidence of available methods for determining volume status and discuss pharmacological aspects and pathophysiological principles that underlie diuretic use.

Keywords: Biomarcadores; Biomarkers; Congestion; Congestión; Diuretic therapy; Diuréticos; Heart failure; Insuficiencia cardiaca.

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