Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Sep 15;11(9):1782-1788.
doi: 10.1093/tbm/ibab102.

Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States: the role of psychosocial health constructs and demographic factors

Michael B Berg  1 , Linda Lin  2
Affiliations

Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine intentions in the United States: the role of psychosocial health constructs and demographic factors

Michael B Berg et al. Transl Behav Med. .

Abstract

Background: On December 21, 2020, a study was conducted to investigate a range of psychosocial health constructs and demographic variables potentially associated with intentions toward accepting or forgoing the coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccine.

Purpose: The goal of the study was to identify predictors of forgoing COVID-19 vaccination at the time of the initial rollout.

Methods: A cross-sectional, representative online survey of 350 U.S. residents was conducted using the online crowdsourcing site Prolific to assess vaccine intentions, health attitudes, and demographic information. Variables examined included demographic factors and health constructs corresponding to each of the elements of the health belief model (perceived severity, susceptibility, benefits, barriers, and cues to action), the theory of planned behavior (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control), attitudes toward vaccines in general, and trust in the COVID-19 vaccine approval process.

Results: After using hierarchical linear regression to control for demographics, the health constructs uniquely associated with the likelihood to forgo vaccination were perceived barriers, general attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine, subjective norms, and trust in the vaccine approval process. Significant demographic predictors of vaccine reluctance included being female, politically conservative, and more religious.

Conclusions: The current research identified three demographic factors and four health constructs uniquely associated with vaccine acceptance. These findings reveal that the constructs contained within the health belief model and theory of planned behavior can be used to predict COVID-19 vaccination intentions, and can be supplemented with an assessment of general vaccine attitudes and attitudes toward the vaccine approval process.

Keywords: COVID-19; Coronavirus; Health belief model; Prevention; Theory of planned behavior; Vaccine.

PubMed Disclaimer

References

    1. Gallop. Willingness to get COVID-19 Vaccine Ticks up to 63% in U.S. 2020. https://news.gallup.com/poll/327425/willingness-covid-vaccine-ticks.aspx. Accessed 21 December 2020.
    1. Dwyer C.Poll: Americans are Growing Less Reluctant to Take COVID-19 Vaccine. National Public Radio; 2020. https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/12/15/9467617...
    1. Aschwanden C. Five reasons why COVID herd immunity is probably impossible. Nature. 2021. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00728-2 - PubMed
    1. Janz NK, Becker MH. The health belief model: a decade later. Health Educ Q. 1984;11(1):1–47. - PubMed
    1. Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991;50(2):179–211. 10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T - DOI