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. 2022 Jun;91(7):1686-1694.
doi: 10.1038/s41390-021-01647-8. Epub 2021 Jul 22.

Higher CPAP levels improve functional residual capacity at birth in preterm rabbits

Tessa Martherus  1 , Michelle K Croughan  2 , Kelly J Crossley  3 , Megan J Wallace  3 , Erin V McGillick  3 , Marta Thio  4 , Charles C Roehr  5 , James T Pearson  6   7   8 , Katie Lee  2 , Gary Ruben  2 , Marcus J Kitchen  2 , Arjan B Te Pas #  9 , Stuart B Hooper #  3   10
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Higher CPAP levels improve functional residual capacity at birth in preterm rabbits

Tessa Martherus et al. Pediatr Res. 2022 Jun.

Abstract

Background: Preterm infants are commonly supported with 4-8 cm H2O continuous positive airway pressures (CPAP), although higher CPAP levels may improve functional residual capacity (FRC).

Methods: Preterm rabbits delivered at 29/32 days (~26-28 weeks human) gestation received 0, 5, 8, 12, 15 cm H2O of CPAP or variable CPAP of 15 to 5 or 15 to 8 cm H2O (decreasing ~2 cm H2O/min) for up to 10 min after birth.

Results: FRC was lower in the 0 (6.8 (1.0-11.2) mL/kg) and 5 (10.1 (1.1-16.8) mL/kg) compared to the 15 (18.8 (10.9-22.4) mL/kg) cm H2O groups (p = 0.003). Fewer kittens achieved FRC > 15 mL/kg in the 0 (20%), compared to 8 (36%), 12 (60%) and 15 (73%) cm H2O groups (p = 0.008). While breathing rates were not different (p = 0.096), apnoea tended to occur more often with CPAP < 8 cm H2O (p = 0.185). CPAP belly and lung bulging rates were similar whereas pneumothoraces were rare. Lowering CPAP from 15 to 5, but not 15 to 8 cm H2O, decreased FRC and breathing rates.

Conclusion: In all, 15 cm H2O of CPAP improved lung aeration and reduced apnoea, but did not increase the risk of lung over-expansion, pneumothorax or CPAP belly immediately after birth. FRC and breathing rates were maintained when CPAP was decreased to 8 cm H2O.

Impact: Although preterm infants are commonly supported with 4-8 cm H2O CPAP at birth, preclinical studies have shown that higher PEEP levels improve lung aeration. In this study, CPAP levels of 15 cm H2O improved lung aeration and reduced apnoea in preterm rabbit kittens immediately after birth. In all, 15 cm H2O CPAP did not increase the risk of lung over-expansion (indicated by bulging between the ribs), pneumothorax, or CPAP belly. These results can be used when designing future studies on CPAP strategies for preterm infants in the delivery room.

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