Oxazolidinone Antibiotics: Chemical, Biological and Analytical Aspects

Abstract

This review covers the main aspects concerning the chemistry, the biological activity and the analytical determination of oxazolidinones, the only new class of synthetic antibiotics advanced in clinical use over the past 50 years. They are characterized by a chemical structure including the oxazolidone ring with the S configuration of substituent at C5, the acylaminomethyl group linked to C5 and the N-aryl substituent. The synthesis of oxazolidinones has gained increasing interest due to their unique mechanism of action that assures high antibiotic efficiency and low susceptibility to resistance mechanisms. Here, the main features of oxazolidinone antibiotics licensed or under development, such as Linezolid, Sutezolid, Eperezolid, Radezolid, Contezolid, Posizolid, Tedizolid, Delpazolid and TBI-223, are discussed. As they are protein synthesis inhibitors active against a wide spectrum of multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria, their biological activity is carefully analyzed, together with the drug delivery systems recently developed to overcome the poor oxazolidinone water solubility. Finally, the most employed analytical techniques for oxazolidinone determination in different matrices, such as biological fluids, tissues, drugs and natural waters, are reviewed. Most are based on HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) coupled with UV-Vis or mass spectrometer detectors, but, to a lesser extent are also based on spectrofluorimetry or voltammetry.

Keywords: Linezolid; TBI-233; analytical determination; antibiotic resistance; oxazolidinone antibiotics.

Figure 1

Core structure of oxazolidinone antibiotics and molecular structures of main derivatives (Linezolid, Sutezolid, Eperezolid, Delpazolid, Tedizolid, Tedizolid phosphate, Radezolid and TBI-223). Brief description of chemical groups required for the binding to peptidyltransferase center (PTC) and chemical groups that improve the pharmacokinetics.

Scheme 1

Synthetic strategy for large-scale LNZ synthesis.

Figure 2

Sketched view of the cephalosporine-triggered release of oxazolidinone from the siderophore–cephalosporine–Eperezolid conjugate [61].