Immunity beyond cancer cells: perspective from tumor tissue
- PMID: 34305041
- PMCID: PMC8541902
- DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.06.007
Immunity beyond cancer cells: perspective from tumor tissue
Abstract
Investigation of cancer as a cell-level disease has led to the development of cancer cell-directed therapies including cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-based immunotherapy; yet, many patients are refractory to these modalities of cancer treatment and acquired resistance frequently occurs. Of note, cancer environment controls the manifestation of cancerous cell phenotype. Helper T (Th) cells orchestrate immune defense responses targeting cancer cells as well as the tumor microenvironment. Recent studies have shown that in addition to interferon (IFN)-γ-producing Th1 cells, interleukin (IL)-4-producing Th2 cells function as potent anticancer effectors in part by promoting tumor stroma reconfiguration and tumor tissue repair. Such Th cell-mediated tissue-level immunity may be harnessed for novel modalities of cancer environment immunotherapy.
Keywords: Th1 cell; Th2 cell; cancer cell; cancer environment; cytotoxic T lymphocyte; immunotherapy.
Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Conflict of interest statement
Declaration of interests The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Figures



References
-
- Nowell PC (1976) The clonal evolution of tumor cell populations. Science 194 (4260), 23–8. - PubMed
-
- Kakiuchi N and Ogawa S (2021) Clonal expansion in non-cancer tissues. Nat Rev Cancer 21 (4), 239–256. - PubMed
-
- Dvorak HF (1986) Tumors: wounds that do not heal. Similarities between tumor stroma generation and wound healing. N Engl J Med 315 (26), 1650–9. - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Grants and funding
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Other Literature Sources
Medical