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. 2021 Jun 4:36:100922.
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100922. eCollection 2021 Jun.

Systematic review and meta-analyses of suicidal outcomes following fictional portrayals of suicide and suicide attempt in entertainment media

Thomas Niederkrotenthaler  1   2 , Stefanie Kirchner  1   2 , Benedikt Till  1   2 , Mark Sinyor  3   4 , Ulrich S Tran  2   5 , Jane Pirkis  6 , Matthew J Spittal  6
Affiliations

Systematic review and meta-analyses of suicidal outcomes following fictional portrayals of suicide and suicide attempt in entertainment media

Thomas Niederkrotenthaler et al. EClinicalMedicine. .

Abstract

Background: Guidelines to encourage responsible reporting of suicide in news media are a key component of suicide prevention strategies. Recent guidelines have been developed on portrayal of suicide in entertainment media although the relationship between these portrayals and subsequent suicidal behaviour has received considerably less attention in research.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the association between portrayals of suicide and suicide attempt in entertainment media and suicidal behaviour in the population. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science and Google Scholar until April 20, 2021. We included studies adopting interrupted time series or single/multiple arm pre-post designs. Separate analyses were undertaken for studies of suicide and suicide attempts. We synthesized studies at moderate risk of bias and included studies at serious risk in a sensitivity analysis. Using a random-effects meta-analysis, we synthesized studies at moderate risk of bias and included studies at serious risk in a sensitivity analysis. Study registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020221333).

Findings: Twelve studies met our inclusion criteria. Six studies were about suicide. Two of these were at moderate risk of bias and both examined the effects of the Netflix series 13 Reasons Why. The pooled rate ratio (RR) for these studies was 1·18 (95% CI 1·09 to 1·27, p<0·001). Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 29%). Six studies focused on suicide attempts, and two of them were at moderate risk of bias. The pooled RR for these two studies was 1·33 (95% CI 0·84 to 2·09, p = 0·22). Heterogeneity was high (I2 = 92%). Enhanced funnel plots indicated likely publication bias for studies of suicide and possible bias for studies of attempted suicide.

Interpretation: Portrayals of suicide in entertainment media may increase suicides and attempted suicide in the population. More studies that limit the potential sources of bias are needed to fully understand the circumstances under which fictional portrayals may influence suicidal behaviour.

Funding: None.

Keywords: Entertainment; Fiction; Media; Meta-analysis; Suicide; Werther effect.

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Conflict of interest statement

Kirchner reports grants from Austrian Science Fund (FWF), project P30918-B27, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Sinyor reports personal fees from University of Toronto, Department of Psychiatry, personal fees from Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Department of Psychiatry, grants from American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, grants from Canadian Institutes of Health Research, grants from Ontario Ministry of Research and Innovation, grants from Mental Health Research Canada, grants from Institute for the Advancements in Mental Health, grants from University of Toronto Miner's Lamp Innovation Fund, grants from Telus Canada, during the conduct of the study. Dr. Spittal is a recipient of an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship (FT180100075) funded by the Australian Government. Dr. Pirkis is funded by a National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator Grant (GNT1173126).

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
PRISMA flow diagram 3696 records identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycInfo, and Web of Science were screened from inception to April 20 2021, for studies on fictional portrays of suicide and suicidal behaviour. In total, 12 studies were selected for qualitative and quantitative synthesis – 6 studies where suicide was the outcome and 6 where suicide attempts was the outcome.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot of studies on entertainment media portrayals of suicidal behaviour Rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals for individual studies (squares and bars) and pooled rate ratio (and 95% confidence intervals) (diamonds).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Contour-enhanced funnel plots Plots of the log rate ratio against its standard error (dark circles). The contours represent the significance level. Publication bias may be present if there is asymmetry around the null line of zero.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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