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Meta-Analysis
. 2021 Jul 26;7(7):CD013384.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013384.pub2.

Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one other long-term condition: a mixed methods review

Emma J Dennett  1 , Sadia Janjua  1 , Elizabeth Stovold  1 , Samantha L Harrison  2 , Melissa J McDonnell  3 , Anne E Holland  4   5   6
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Tailored or adapted interventions for adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and at least one other long-term condition: a mixed methods review

Emma J Dennett et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterised by shortness of breath, cough and recurrent exacerbations. People with COPD often live with one or more co-existing long-term health conditions (comorbidities). People with more severe COPD often have a higher number of comorbidities, putting them at greater risk of morbidity and mortality.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of any single intervention for COPD adapted or tailored to their comorbidity(s) compared to any other intervention for people with COPD and one or more common comorbidities (quantitative data, RCTs) in terms of the following outcomes: Quality of life, exacerbations, functional status, all-cause and respiratory-related hospital admissions, mortality, pain, and depression and anxiety. To assess the effectiveness of an adapted or tailored single COPD intervention (simple or complex) that is aimed at changing the management of people with COPD and one or more common comorbidities (quantitative data, RCTs) compared to usual care in terms of the following outcomes: Quality of life, exacerbations, functional status, all-cause and respiratory-related hospital admissions, mortality, pain, and depression and anxiety. To identify emerging themes that describe the views and experiences of patients, carers and healthcare professionals when receiving or providing care to manage multimorbidities (qualitative data).

Search methods: We searched multiple databases including the Cochrane Airways Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL, to identify relevant randomised and qualitative studies. We also searched trial registries and conducted citation searches. The latest search was conducted in January 2021.

Selection criteria: Eligible randomised controlled trials (RCTs) compared a) any single intervention for COPD adapted or tailored to their comorbidity(s) compared to any other intervention, or b) any adapted or tailored single COPD intervention (simple or complex) that is aimed at changing the management of people with COPD and one or more comorbidities, compared to usual care. We included qualitative studies or mixed-methods studies to identify themes.

Data collection and analysis: We used standard Cochrane methods for analysis of the RCTs. We used Cochrane's risk of bias tool for the RCTs and the CASP checklist for the qualitative studies. We planned to use the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool (MMAT) to assess the risk of bias in mixed-methods studies, but we found none. We used GRADE and CERQual to assess the quality of the quantitative and qualitative evidence respectively. The primary outcome measures for this review were quality of life and exacerbations.

Main results: Quantitative studies We included seven studies (1197 participants) in the quantitative analyses, with interventions including telemonitoring, pulmonary rehabilitation, treatment optimisation, water-based exercise training and case management. Interventions were either compared with usual care or with an active comparator (such as land-based exercise training). Duration of trials ranged from 4 to 52 weeks. Mean age of participants ranged from 64 to 72 years and COPD severity ranged from mild to very severe. Trials included either people with COPD and a specific comorbidity (including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, lung cancer, head or neck cancer, and musculoskeletal conditions), or with one or more comorbidities of any type. Overall, we judged the evidence presented to be of moderate to very low certainty (GRADE), mainly due to the methodological quality of included trials and imprecision of effect estimates. Intervention versus usual care Quality of life as measured by the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) total score may improve with tailored pulmonary rehabilitation compared to usual care at 52 weeks (mean difference (MD) -10.85, 95% confidence interval (CI) -12.66 to -9.04; 1 study, 70 participants; low-certainty evidence). Tailored pulmonary rehabilitation is likely to improve COPD assessment test (CAT) scores compared with usual care at 52 weeks (MD -8.02, 95% CI -9.44 to -6.60; 1 study, 70 participants, moderate-certainty evidence) and with a multicomponent telehealth intervention at 52 weeks (MD -6.90, 95% CI -9.56 to -4.24; moderate-certainty evidence). Evidence is uncertain about effects of pharmacotherapy optimisation or telemonitoring interventions on CAT improvement compared with usual care. There may be little to no difference in the number of people experiencing exacerbations, or mean exacerbations with case management compared with usual care (OR 1.09, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.57; 1 study, 470 participants; very low-certainty evidence). For secondary outcomes, six-minute walk distance (6MWD) may improve with pulmonary rehabilitation, water-based exercise or multicomponent interventions at 38 to 52 weeks (low-certainty evidence). A multicomponent intervention may result in fewer people being admitted to hospital at 17 weeks, although there may be little to no difference in a telemonitoring intervention. There may be little to no difference between intervention and usual care for mortality. Intervention versus active comparator We included one study comparing water-based and land-based exercise (30 participants). We found no evidence for quality of life or exacerbations. There may be little to no difference between water- and land-based exercise for 6MWD (MD 5 metres, 95% CI -22 to 32; 38 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Qualitative studies One nested qualitative study (21 participants) explored perceptions and experiences of people with COPD and long-term conditions, and of researchers and health professionals who were involved in an RCT of telemonitoring equipment. Several themes were identified, including health status, beliefs and concerns, reliability of equipment, self-efficacy, perceived ease of use, factors affecting usefulness and perceived usefulness, attitudes and intention, self-management and changes in healthcare use. We judged the qualitative evidence presented as of very low certainty overall.

Authors' conclusions: Owing to a paucity of eligible trials, as well as diversity in the intervention type, comorbidities and the outcome measures reported, we were unable to provide a robust synthesis of data. Pulmonary rehabilitation or multicomponent interventions may improve quality of life and functional status (6MWD), but the evidence is too limited to draw a robust conclusion. The key take-home message from this review is the lack of data from RCTs on treatments for people living with COPD and comorbidities. Given the variation in number and type of comorbidity(s) an individual may have, and severity of COPD, larger studies reporting individual patient data are required to determine these effects.

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Conflict of interest statement

ED: is the managing editor of Cochrane Airways group, St George's, University of London. This review was managed and sent out to peer review by Emma Jackson (Assistant Managing Editor for Cochrane Airways) and approved by an editor at the Cochrane Circulation and Breathing Network.

SJ: is employed full‐time as a systematic reviewer, paid by an NIHR programme grant to complete work on this review.

ES: is an information specialist, employed by the NIHR core grant in the Cochrane Airways group, St George's, University of London.

SH: is a reader at the School of Health and Social Care, Teesside University, United Kingdom.

MM: is a clinician at the Department of Respiratory Medicine, Galway University Hospital, Ireland.

AH: is a professor of physiotherapy at the School of Allied Health, at La Trobe University, Australia.

Figures

1
1
Study flow diagram for randomised controlled trials
2
2
Study flow diagram for qualitative studies
3
3
Risk of bias summary
1.1
1.1. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 1: Quality of life ‐ SGRQ total
1.2
1.2. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 2: Quality of life ‐ CAT total
1.3
1.3. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 3: Quality of life ‐ CRQ domains
1.4
1.4. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 4: Quality of life ‐ MLHFQ
1.5
1.5. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 5: Quality of life ‐ EQ‐5D
1.6
1.6. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 6: Exacerbations ‐ people experiencing one or more
1.7
1.7. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 7: Exacerbations ‐ mean number per person
1.8
1.8. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 8: Functional status ‐ 6MWT
1.9
1.9. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 9: Functional status ‐ ISWT
1.10
1.10. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 10: Functional status ‐ ESWT
1.11
1.11. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 11: All‐cause hospital admissions ‐ people experiencing one or more
1.12
1.12. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 12: All‐cause hospital admissions ‐ mean number per person
1.13
1.13. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 13: Respiratory‐related hospital admissions
1.14
1.14. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 14: All‐cause mortality (deaths)
1.15
1.15. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 15: Anxiety HADS‐A
1.16
1.16. Analysis
Comparison 1: Intervention versus usual care, Outcome 16: Depression HADS‐D
2.1
2.1. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 1: Quality of life ‐ CRQ domains
2.2
2.2. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 2: Functional status ‐ 6MWT
2.3
2.3. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 3: Functional status ‐ ESWT
2.4
2.4. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 4: Functional status ‐ ISWT
2.5
2.5. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 5: Anxiety HADS‐A
2.6
2.6. Analysis
Comparison 2: Intervention versus active comparison, Outcome 6: Depression HADS‐D
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Update of

  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013384

References

References to studies included in this review

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ChiCTR IOR 16007768 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-IOR-16007768. The characteristics of the Capital-Clinical study of Guben quyu jiedu capsule for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and sleep apnea. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-IOR-16007768 (first received 23 June 2016).
ChiCTR TRC 12002559 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-12002559. The effects of a transitional care programme on patients with chronic diseases at high risk for readmission: a randomized controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-TRC-12002559 (first received 29 October 2012).
ChiCTR TRC 12002889 {published data only}
    1. ChiCTR-TRC-12002889. Effect and safety of Shenmai injection in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated with chronic pulmonary heart disease (both Qi and Yin deficiency): a multicenter, randomized, blinding, controlled trial. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ChiCTR-TRC-12002889 (first received 29 December 2012).
Cittee 2015 {published data only}
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Cochrane 2016 {published data only}
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Cornford 2000 {published data only}
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Coventry 2014a {published data only}
    1. Coventry PA, Fisher L, Kenning C, Bee P, Bower P. Capacity, responsibility, and motivation: a critical qualitative evaluation of patient and practitioner views about barriers to self-management in people with multimorbidity. BMC Health Services Research 2014;14:536. [DOI: 10.1186/s12913-014-0536-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Coventry 2014b {published data only}
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CTRI/2012/12/003223 {published data only}
    1. CTRI/2012/12/003223. Effect of rosuvastatin in patients of chronic obstructive airway disease and pulmonary hypertension. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=CTRI/2012/12/003223 (first received 1 October 2012).
Curry 2006 {published data only}
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Davis 2016 {published data only}
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Davisson 2018 {published data only}
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Dennis 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dennis S, Reddel HK, Middleton S, Hasan I, Hermiz O, Phillips R, et al. Barriers and outcomes of an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Australia: a qualitative study. Family Practice 2017;34(4):485-90. - PubMed
Desveaux 2017 {published data only}
    1. Desveaux L, Harrison S, Lee A, Mathur S, Goldstein R, Brooks D. "We are all there for the same purpose": support for an integrated community exercise program for older adults with HF and COPD. Heart and Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care 2017;46(4):308-12. - PubMed
Dibao‐Dina 2018 {published data only}
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Disler 2015 {published data only}
    1. Disler RT, Inglis SC, Newton PJ, Currow DC, Macdonald P, Glanville AR, et al. Perspectives of online health information and support in chronic disease respiratory disease: focus group study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2015;191:A1386.
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Disler 2019 {published data only}
    1. Disler RT, Spiliopoulos N, Inglis SC, Currow DC, Davidson PM. Cognitive screening in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: patient's perspectives. Disability and Rehabilitation 2019;42(9):1233-9. [DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2018.1519046] - DOI - PubMed
Doos 2015 {published data only}
    1. Doos L, Bradley E, Rushton CA, Satchithananda D, Davies SJ, Kadam UT. Heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease multimorbidity at hospital discharge transition: a study of patient and carer experience. Health Expectations 2015;18(6):2401-12. [DOI: 10.1111/hex.12208] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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DRKS00000476 2010 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00000476. Experiences of crises in patients with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer and their carers - a qualitative interview study. www.drks.de/DRKS00000476 (first received 18 August 2010).
DRKS00000584 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00000584. Evaluation of a telephone based health coaching in chronic diseases. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00000584 (first received 23 March 2011).
DRKS00005602 {published data only}
    1. DRKS00005602. Effects of telephone-based health coaching for patients with chronic conditions. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=DRKS00005602 (first received 4 October 2013).
Ellison 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ellison L, Gask L, Bakerly ND, Roberts J. Meeting the mental health needs of people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a qualitative study. Chronic Illness 2012;8(4):308-20. - PubMed
Elwyn 2012 {published data only}
    1. Elwyn G, Hardisty AR, Peirce SC, May C, Evans R, Robinson DK, et al. Detecting deterioration in patients with chronic disease using telemonitoring: navigating the 'trough of disillusionment'. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice 2012;18(4):896-903. - PubMed
Essue 2010 {published data only}
    1. Essue BM, Jowsey T, Jeon YH, Mirzaei M, Pearce-Brown CL, Aspin C, et al. Informal care and the self-management partnership: implications for Australian health policy and practice. Australian Health Review 2010;34(4):414-22. - PubMed
Etkind 2017 {published data only}
    1. Etkind SN, Bristowe K, Bailey K, Selman LE, Murtagh FE. How does uncertainty shape patient experience in advanced illness? A secondary analysis of qualitative data. Palliative Medicine 2017;31(2):171-80. [DOI: 10.1177/0269216316647610] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
EUCTR2004 002216 28 BE {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2004-002216-28-BE. A multi-center, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof of concept trial to assess the effects of a subject-optimized dose of UK-369,003 Modified Release on exercise capacity in subjects with pulmonary hypertension associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2004-002216-28-BE (first received 13 January 2005).
EUCTR2007 007725 46 BG {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2007-007725-46-BG. A phase 2b, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel, placebo-controlled study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SUN11031 for injection administered subcutaneously twice daily for 12 weeks to subjects having cachexia associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2007-007725-46-BG (first received 21 January 2008).
EUCTR2010 018763 42 GB {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2010-018763-42-GB. Do phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors improve exercise capacity in COPD patients with pulmonary hypertension? - The 3P study. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2010-018763-42-GB (first received 14 July 2010).
EUCTR2010 020917 97 IT {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2010-020917-97-IT. SPHERIC-1 (Sildenafil in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated to chronic pulmonary hypertension. Sixteen weeks long, multicentre, randomized, double blind study, in comparison with placebo, for the evaluation of sildenafil in the treatment of patients affected by pulmonary hypertension associated to COPD. - SPHERIC-1. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2010-020917-97-IT (first received 23 June 2011).
EUCTR2011 003310 17 ES {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2011-003310-17-ES. Comparison of endurance time before and after treatment with inhaled Iloprost in patients with elevated blood pressure in the lungs (pulmonary hypertension) secondary to chronic lung disease (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2011-003310-17-ES (first received 23 November 2011).
EUCTR2013 001312 30 IT {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2013-001312-30-IT. Use of selective beta-blockers in elderly patients with lung and cardiac disease. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2013-001312-30-IT (first received 15 September 2013).
EUCTR2017 003551 32 DK {published data only}
    1. EUCTR2017-003551-32-DK. Effects of Saxenda (R) on respiratory function in obese patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=EUCTR2017-003551-32-DK (first received 1 November 2017).
Faul 2009 {published data only}
    1. Faul JL, Wilson SR, Chu JW, Canfield J, Kuschner WG. The effect of an inhaled corticosteroid on glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Clinical Medicine and Research 2009;7(1):14-20. - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Fors A, Blanck E, Ali L, Ekberg-Jansson A, Fu M, Lindstrom Kjellberg I, et al. Effects of a person-centred telephone-support in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and/or chronic heart failure - A randomized controlled trial. PLOS One 2018;13(8):e0203031. - PMC - PubMed
Freund 2011 {published data only}
    1. Freund T, Peters-Klimm F, Rochon J, Mahler C, Gensichen J, Erler A, et al. Primary care practice-based care management for chronically ill patients (PraCMan): study protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. Trials 2011;12:163. - PMC - PubMed
Gale 2015 {published data only}
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Glasser 2016 {published data only}
    1. Glasser I, Wang F, Reardon J, Vergara CD, Salvietti R, Acevedo M, et al. Improving COPD care in a medically underserved primary care clinic: a qualitative study of patient perspectives. COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2016;13(5):616-21. [DOI: 10.3109/15412555.2015.1126570] - DOI - PubMed
GlaxoSmithKline 2005 {published data only}
    1. GlaxoSmithKline. A multicentre randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, cross-over study to assess the safety and tolerability of salmeterol (50µg) via Diskus and formoterol (12µg and 24µg) via Turbohaler in co-morbid adults with mild to moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and coronary heart disease. GlaxoSmithKline Clinical Trial Register (first received 26 March 2005).
Goodridge 2011 {published data only}
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Goodridge 2019 {published data only}
    1. Goodridge D, Bandara T, Marciniuk D, Hutchinson S, Crossman L, Kachur B, et al. Promoting chronic disease management in persons with complex social needs: a qualitative descriptive study. Chronic Respiratory Disease 2019;16:1479973119832025. - PMC - PubMed
GorgasTorner 2012 {published data only}
    1. Gorgas Torner MQ, Paez Vives F, Camos Ramio J, De Puig Cabrera E, Jolonch Santasusagna P, Homs Peipoch E, et al. Integrated pharmaceutical care programme in patients with chronic diseases. Farmacia Hospitalaria 2012;36(4):229-39. - PubMed
GrigorevaNIu 2013 {published data only}
    1. Grigor'eva NIu, Kuznetsov AN, Koroleva TV, Koroleva ME. The combined drug ascoril in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease concurrent with coronary heart disease. Terapevticheskii Arkhiv 2013;85(8):91-4. - PubMed
Grimsmo 2018 {published data only}
    1. Grimsmo A, Løhre A, Røsstad T, Gjerde I, Heiberg I, Steinsbekk A. Disease-specific clinical pathways - are they feasible in primary care? A mixed-methods study. Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care 2018;36(2):152-60. [DOI: 10.1080/02813432.2018.1459167] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
GSK115805 2012 {published data only}
    1. GSK 115805. A 12-week study to evaluate the 24-hour pulmonary function profile of fluticasone furoate/vilanterol (FF/VI) inhalation powder 100/25mcg once-daily via a novel dry powder inhaler compared with tiotropium bromide inhalation powder 18mcg delivered once-daily via the HandiHaler in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who have or are at risk for co-morbid cardiovascular disease. gsk-clinicalstudyregister.com/files2/gsk-115805-clinical-study-report-re... (first received 13 December 2012).
Gurgun 2013 {published data only}
    1. Gurgun A, Deniz S, Argan M, Karapolat H. Effects of nutritional supplementation combined with conventional pulmonary rehabilitation in muscle-wasted chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, randomized and controlled study. Respirology 2013 Apr;18(3):495-500. [CENTRAL: CN-00853367] [EMBASE: 2013208473] [PMID: ] - PubMed
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Hannink 2011 {published data only}
    1. Hannink JD, Van Hees HW, Dekhuijzen PN, Van Helvoort HA, Heijdra YF. Non-invasive ventilation modulates the inflammatory response to exercise in muscle-wasted COPD patients. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 2011;183:A4582. [DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2011.183.1_MeetingAbstracts.A4582] - DOI
Hawkins 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins NM, Macdonald MR, Petrie MC, Chalmers GW, Carter R, Dunn FG, et al. Bisoprolol in patients with heart failure and moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Heart Failure 2009;11(7):684-90. - PubMed
Hawkins 2010 {published data only}
    1. Hawkins NM, Wang D, Petrie MC, Pfeffer MA, Swedberg K, Granger CB, et al. Baseline characteristics and outcomes of patients with heart failure receiving bronchodilators in the CHARM programme. European Journal of Heart Failure 2010;12(6):557-65. - PubMed
Hesselink 2017 {published data only}
    1. Hesselink G, Johnson J, Batalden P, Carlson M, Geense W, Groenewoud S, et al. 'Reframing Healthcare Services through the Lens of Co-Production' (RheLaunCh): a study protocol for a mixed methods evaluation of mechanisms by which healthcare and social services impact the health and well-being of patients with COPD and CHF in the USA and The Netherlands. BMJ Open 2017;7(9):e017292. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017292] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hogg 2009 {published data only}
    1. Hogg W, Lemelin J, Dahrouge S, Liddy C, Armstrong CD, Legault F, et al. Randomized controlled trial of anticipatory and preventive multidisciplinary team care: for complex patients in a community-based primary care setting. Canadian Family Physician 2009;55(12):e76-85. - PMC - PubMed
Hohlfeld 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hohlfeld JM, Furtwaengler A, Konen-Bergmann M, Wallenstein G, Walter B, Bateman ED. Cardiac safety of tiotropium in patients with COPD: a combined analysis of Holter-ECG data from four randomised clinical trials. International Journal of Clinical Practice 2015;69(1):72-80. - PMC - PubMed
ISRCTN62025354 {published data only}
    1. ISRCTN62025354. Minimal interventions to improve medication adherence in people with multiple long-term conditions (MINIMA) study. www.who.int/trialsearch/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=ISRCTN62025354 (first received 24 July 2014).
Jabbour 2010 {published data only}
    1. Jabbour A, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, Kotlyar E, Mellemkjaer S, Coleman CF, et al. Differences between beta-blockers in patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 2010;55(17):1780-7. - PubMed
Jensen Lise 2016 {published data only}
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Jerant 2008 {published data only}
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Johnson 2016 {published data only}
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Jowsey 2009 {published data only}
    1. Jowsey T, Jeon YH, Dugdale P, Glasgow NJ, Kljakovic M, Usherwood T. Challenges for co-morbid chronic illness care and policy in Australia: a qualitative study. Australia and New Zealand Health Policy 2009;6:22. [DOI: 10.1186/1743-8462-6-22] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Jowsey 2014 {published data only}
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Juanes 2018 {published data only}
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Kaimakamis 2019 {published data only}
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Kapella 2011 {published data only}
    1. Kapella MC, Herdegen JJ, Perlis ML, Shaver JL, Larson JL, Law JA, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia comorbid with COPD is feasible with preliminary evidence of positive sleep and fatigue effects. International Journal of COPD 2011;6(1):625-35. - PMC - PubMed
Kapella 2016 {published data only}
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Kaptein 1993 {published data only}
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Kayyali 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kayyali R, Odeh B, Frerichs I, Davies N, Perantoni E, D'Arcy S, et al. Exploring COPD care pathway in different EU countries. European Respiratory Journal 2014;44(Suppl 58):P4739.
Kayyali 2016 {published data only}
    1. Kayyali R, Savickas V, Spruit MA, Kaimakamis E, Siva R, Costello RW, et al. Qualitative investigation into a wearable system for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the stakeholders' perspective. BMJ Open 2016;6(8):e011657. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011657] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Kayyali 2016a {published data only}
    1. Kayyali R, Odeh B, Frerichs I, Davies N, Perantoni E, D'arcy S, et al. COPD care delivery pathways in five European Union countries: mapping and health care professionals' perceptions. International Journal of COPD 2016;11:2831-8. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S104136] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Kenning 2013 {published data only}
    1. Kenning C, Fisher L, Bee P, Bower P, Coventry P. Primary care practitioner and patient understanding of the concepts of multimorbidity and self-management: a qualitative study. SAGE Open Medicine 2013;1:2050312113510001. [DOI: 10.1177/2050312113510001] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
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Koziolova 2015 {published data only}
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Krahnke 2015 {published data only}
    1. Krahnke JS, Abraham WT, Adamson PB, Bourge RC, Bauman J, Ginn G, et al. Heart failure and respiratory hospitalizations are reduced in patients with heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with the use of an implantable pulmonary artery pressure monitoring device. Journal of Cardiac Failure 2015;21(3):240-9. - PMC - PubMed
Kucukcoskun 2013 {published data only}
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Lainscak 2011 {published data only}
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Lainscak 2013 {published data only}
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Lamothe 2006 {published data only}
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Lang 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lang C, Scheibe M, Voigt K, Hubsch G, Mocke L, Schmitt J, et al. Reasons for non-acceptance and non-use of a home telemonitoring application by multimorbid patients aged 65 years and over. Zeitschrift fur Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualitat im Gesundheitswesen 2019;141-142:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zefq.2019.02.009] - DOI - PubMed
Lanning 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lanning E, Roberts C, Green B, Brown T, Storrar W, Jones T, et al. Modern innovative solutions in improving outcomes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (MISSION COPD): a comparison of clinical outcomes before and after the MISSION clinic. JMIR Research Protocols 2017;6(6):e104. [DOI: 10.2196/resprot.6850] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lanning 2019 {published data only}
    1. Lanning E, Heiden E, Longstaff J, Fogg C, Brown T, Rupani H, et al. Modern innovative solutions to improve outcomes in asthma, breathlessness, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (MISSION ABC): protocol for a mixed-methods study. JMIR Research Protocols 2019;8(3):e9228. [DOI: 10.2196/resprot.9228] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Laue 2016 {published data only}
    1. Laue J, Melbye H, Halvorsen PA, Andreeva EA, Godycki-Cwirko M, Wollny A, et al. How do general practitioners implement decision-making regarding COPD patients with exacerbations? An international focus group study. International Journal of COPD 2016;11:3109-19. [DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S118856] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2015 {published data only}
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NCT01055405 {published data only}
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NCT01691131 {published data only}
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NCT01867970b {published data only}
    1. NCT01867970. Interactive tool to support self-management through lifestyle feedback, aimed at physical activity of COPD/DM patients (RCTIt'sLiFe!) [RCT It's LiFe! to evaluate the effectiveness of the monitoring and feedback tool and the corresponding counseling protocol (self-management Support Program) to be executed by practice nurses in primary care]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01867970 (first received 4 June 2013).
NCT01892566 {published data only}
    1. NCT01892566. Using mobile health to respond early to acute exacerbations of COPD in HIV (mReach). clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct01892566 (first received 4 July 2013).
NCT01960907 {published data only}
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NCT02446769 {published data only}
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NCT02522637 {published data only}
    1. NCT02522637. Exercise training in severe COPD [What is the best frequency of exercise training in severe COPD?]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct02522637 (first received 13 August 2015).
NCT02652559 {published data only}
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NCT02742597b {published data only}
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NCT02789800 {published data only}
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NCT03387735 {published data only}
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    1. NCT03810755. EfiKroniK research program: physical exercise for people with chronic pathologies (EfiKroniK) [EfiKroniK research program: effectiveness of physical exercise for people with chronic pathologies. Hybrid, clinical and implementation randomized trial]. clinicaltrials.gov/show/nct03810755 (first received 22 January 2019).
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Janjua 2019
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