. 2021 Nov 1:241:118430.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430. Epub 2021 Jul 24.

Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

Steve C N Hui¹, Mark Mikkelsen¹, Helge J Zöllner¹, Vishwadeep Ahluwalia², Sarael Alcauter³, Laima Baltusis⁴, Deborah A Barany⁵, Laura R Barlow⁶, Robert Becker⁷, Jeffrey I Berman⁸, Adam Berrington⁹, Pallab K Bhattacharyya¹⁰, Jakob Udby Blicher¹¹, Wolfgang Bogner¹², Mark S Brown¹³, Vince D Calhoun¹⁴, Ryan Castillo¹⁵, Kim M Cecil¹⁶, Yeo Bi Choi¹⁷, Winnie C W Chu¹⁸, William T Clarke¹⁹, Alexander R Craven²⁰, Koen Cuypers²¹, Michael Dacko²², Camilo de la Fuente-Sandoval²³, Patricia Desmond²⁴, Aleksandra Domagalik²⁵, Julien Dumont²⁶, Niall W Duncan²⁷, Ulrike Dydak²⁸, Katherine Dyke²⁹, David A Edmondson¹⁶, Gabriele Ende⁷, Lars Ersland³⁰, C John Evans³¹, Alan S R Fermin³², Antonio Ferretti³³, Ariane Fillmer³⁴, Tao Gong³⁵, Ian Greenhouse³⁶, James T Grist³⁷, Meng Gu³⁸, Ashley D Harris³⁹, Katarzyna Hat⁴⁰, Stefanie Heba⁴¹, Eva Heckova¹², John P Hegarty 2nd⁴², Kirstin-Friederike Heise⁴³, Shiori Honda⁴⁴, Aaron Jacobson⁴⁵, Jacobus F A Jansen⁴⁶, Christopher W Jenkins³¹, Stephen J Johnston⁴⁷, Christoph Juchem⁴⁸, Alayar Kangarlu⁴⁹, Adam B Kerr⁴, Karl Landheer⁴⁸, Thomas Lange²², Phil Lee⁵⁰, Swati Rane Levendovszky⁵¹, Catherine Limperopoulos⁵², Feng Liu⁴⁹, William Lloyd⁵³, David J Lythgoe⁵⁴, Maro G Machizawa³², Erin L MacMillan⁵⁵, Richard J Maddock⁵⁶, Andrei V Manzhurtsev⁵⁷, María L Martinez-Gudino⁵⁸, Jack J Miller⁵⁹, Heline Mirzakhanian⁴⁵, Marta Moreno-Ortega⁴⁹, Paul G Mullins⁶⁰, Shinichiro Nakajima⁴⁴, Jamie Near⁶¹, Ralph Noeske⁶², Wibeke Nordhøy⁶³, Georg Oeltzschner¹, Raul Osorio-Duran⁵⁸, Maria C G Otaduy⁶⁴, Erick H Pasaye³, Ronald Peeters⁶⁵, Scott J Peltier⁶⁶, Ulrich Pilatus⁶⁷, Nenad Polomac⁶⁷, Eric C Porges⁶⁸, Subechhya Pradhan⁵², James Joseph Prisciandaro⁶⁹, Nicolaas A Puts⁷⁰, Caroline D Rae¹⁵, Francisco Reyes-Madrigal²³, Timothy P L Roberts⁸, Caroline E Robertson¹⁷, Jens T Rosenberg⁷¹, Diana-Georgiana Rotaru⁵⁴, Ruth L O'Gorman Tuura⁷², Muhammad G Saleh⁷³, Kristian Sandberg¹¹, Ryan Sangill¹¹, Keith Schembri⁷⁴, Anouk Schrantee⁷⁵, Natalia A Semenova⁵⁷, Debra Singel⁷⁶, Rouslan Sitnikov⁷⁷, Jolinda Smith⁷⁸, Yulu Song³⁵, Craig Stark⁷⁹, Diederick Stoffers⁸⁰, Stephan P Swinnen⁴³, Rongwen Tain⁷⁹, Costin Tanase⁵⁶, Sofie Tapper¹, Martin Tegenthoff⁴¹, Thomas Thiel⁸¹, Marc Thioux⁸², Peter Truong⁸³, Pim van Dijk⁸², Nolan Vella⁷⁴, Rishma Vidyasagar⁸⁴, Andrej Vovk⁸⁵, Guangbin Wang³⁵, Lars T Westlye⁶³, Timothy K Wilbur⁵¹, William R Willoughby⁸⁶, Martin Wilson⁸⁷, Hans-Jörg Wittsack⁸⁸, Adam J Woods⁶⁸, Yen-Chien Wu⁸⁹, Junqian Xu⁹⁰, Maria Yanez Lopez⁹¹, David K W Yeung¹⁸, Qun Zhao⁹², Xiaopeng Zhou²⁸, Gasper Zupan⁸⁵, Richard A E Edden⁹³

Affiliations

¹ Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
² GSU/GT Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA.
³ Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico.
⁴ Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
⁵ Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, and Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA USA.
⁶ Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
⁷ Center for Innovative Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research, Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁸ Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.
⁹ Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁰ Imaging Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA.
¹¹ Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹² Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, High-Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
¹⁴ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.
¹⁵ NeuRA Imaging, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA.
¹⁸ Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁹ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁰ Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
²¹ REVAL Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
²² Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²³ Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry & Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁴ Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne/ Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁵ Brain Imaging Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
²⁶ Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France.
²⁷ Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁸ School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
²⁹ School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
³⁰ Department of Clinical Engineering, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
³¹ CUBRIC, Cardiff university, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
³² Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
³³ Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
³⁴ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
³⁶ Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA.
³⁷ Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford Centre for Magnetic Resonance / Department of Radiology, The Churchill Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁸ Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³⁹ Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
⁴⁰ Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
⁴¹ Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴⁵ Department of Radiology / Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Psychology Department / Clinical Imaging Facility, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
⁴⁸ Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Radiology / Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA.
⁵¹ Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA.
⁵² Developing Brain Institute, Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC USA.
⁵³ Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁴ Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Philips Canada, Markham, ON, Canada.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Imaging Research Center, Davis, CA USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Radiology, Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma, Moscow, Russia; Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁵⁸ Departamento de Imágenes Cerebrales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁵⁹ Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The MR Research Centre & The PET Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK.
⁶⁰ Bangor Imaging Unit, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
⁶¹ Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
⁶² GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany.
⁶³ NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Department of Diagnostic Physics, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital / Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁴ LIM44, Instituto e Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Imaging & Pathology, Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶⁶ Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁶⁸ Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions. Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Forensic & Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷¹ McKnight Brain Institute, AMRIS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
⁷² Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷³ Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
⁷⁴ Medical Physics, Mater Dei Hospital, Imsida, Malta.
⁷⁵ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁷⁷ Clinical Neuroscience, MRI Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Facility for Imaging and Brain Research (FIBRE) & Campus Center for Neuroimaging (CCNI), School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.
⁸⁰ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸¹ Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸² Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁸³ Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
⁸⁴ Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸⁵ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸⁶ Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
⁸⁷ Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁸⁸ Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Radiology, TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁹⁰ Department of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
⁹¹ Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, London, UK.
⁹² Bioimaging Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA.
⁹³ Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: raee2@jhu.edu.

PMID: 34314848
PMCID: PMC8456751
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430

Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

Steve C N Hui et al. Neuroimage. 2021.

. 2021 Nov 1:241:118430.

doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430. Epub 2021 Jul 24.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA.
² GSU/GT Center for Advanced Brain Imaging, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA.
³ Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Queretaro, Mexico.
⁴ Center for Cognitive and Neurobiological Imaging, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA.
⁵ Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, and Augusta University/University of Georgia Medical Partnership, Athens, GA USA.
⁶ Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
⁷ Center for Innovative Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Research, Department Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
⁸ Department of Radiology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA USA.
⁹ Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
¹⁰ Imaging Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA.
¹¹ Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
¹² Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, High-Field MR Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
¹³ Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
¹⁴ Tri-Institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science (TReNDS), Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, and Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA.
¹⁵ NeuRA Imaging, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia.
¹⁶ Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH USA.
¹⁷ Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA.
¹⁸ Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
¹⁹ Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
²⁰ Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
²¹ REVAL Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
²² Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
²³ Laboratory of Experimental Psychiatry & Neuropsychiatry Department, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico.
²⁴ Department of Radiology, University of Melbourne/ Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.
²⁵ Brain Imaging Core Facility, Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
²⁶ Univ. Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41 - UMS 2014 - PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France.
²⁷ Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
²⁸ School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN USA.
²⁹ School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
³⁰ Department of Clinical Engineering, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
³¹ CUBRIC, Cardiff university, Cardiff, Wales, UK.
³² Center for Brain, Mind and KANSEI Sciences Research, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
³³ Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
³⁴ Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig und Berlin, Germany.
³⁵ Department of Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Medical Imaging Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
³⁶ Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA.
³⁷ Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, Oxford Centre for Magnetic Resonance / Department of Radiology, The Churchill Hospital, The University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁸ Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
³⁹ Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
⁴⁰ Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
⁴¹ Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany.
⁴² Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁴³ Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
⁴⁵ Department of Radiology / Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA USA.
⁴⁶ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
⁴⁷ Psychology Department / Clinical Imaging Facility, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.
⁴⁸ Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiology, Columbia University, New York, NY USA.
⁴⁹ Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center/New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY USA.
⁵⁰ Department of Radiology / Hoglund Biomedical Imaging Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS USA.
⁵¹ Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA.
⁵² Developing Brain Institute, Diagnostic Imaging and Radiology, Children's National Hospital, Washington, DC USA.
⁵³ Division of Informatics, Imaging & Data Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁵⁴ Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁵⁵ Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Philips Canada, Markham, ON, Canada.
⁵⁶ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Imaging Research Center, Davis, CA USA.
⁵⁷ Department of Radiology, Clinical and Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Trauma, Moscow, Russia; Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
⁵⁸ Departamento de Imágenes Cerebrales, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁵⁹ Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; The MR Research Centre & The PET Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, DK.
⁶⁰ Bangor Imaging Unit, Department of Psychology, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, UK.
⁶¹ Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
⁶² GE Healthcare, Berlin, Germany.
⁶³ NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction and Department of Diagnostic Physics, Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital / Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
⁶⁴ LIM44, Instituto e Departamento de Radiologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
⁶⁵ Department of Imaging & Pathology, Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁶⁶ Functional MRI Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA.
⁶⁷ Institute of Neuroradiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
⁶⁸ Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, College of Public Health and Health Professions. Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
⁶⁹ Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC USA.
⁷⁰ Department of Forensic & Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK.
⁷¹ McKnight Brain Institute, AMRIS, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
⁷² Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
⁷³ Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA.
⁷⁴ Medical Physics, Mater Dei Hospital, Imsida, Malta.
⁷⁵ Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁷⁶ Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
⁷⁷ Clinical Neuroscience, MRI Centre, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁷⁸ Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR USA.
⁷⁹ Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Facility for Imaging and Brain Research (FIBRE) & Campus Center for Neuroimaging (CCNI), School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA.
⁸⁰ Spinoza Centre for Neuroimaging, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸¹ Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, University Dusseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸² Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁸³ Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.
⁸⁴ Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neurosciences and Mental Health, Melbourne, Australia.
⁸⁵ Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁸⁶ Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL USA.
⁸⁷ Centre for Human Brain Health and School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
⁸⁸ Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany.
⁸⁹ Department of Radiology, TMU-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
⁹⁰ Department of Radiology and Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, USA.
⁹¹ Perinatal Imaging & Health, King's College London, London, UK.
⁹² Bioimaging Research Center, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA USA.
⁹³ Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; F. M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA. Electronic address: raee2@jhu.edu.

PMID: 34314848
PMCID: PMC8456751
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118430

Abstract

Purpose: Heating of gradient coils and passive shim components is a common cause of instability in the B₀ field, especially when gradient intensive sequences are used. The aim of the study was to set a benchmark for typical drift encountered during MR spectroscopy (MRS) to assess the need for real-time field-frequency locking on MRI scanners by comparing field drift data from a large number of sites.

Method: A standardized protocol was developed for 80 participating sites using 99 3T MR scanners from 3 major vendors. Phantom water signals were acquired before and after an EPI sequence. The protocol consisted of: minimal preparatory imaging; a short pre-fMRI PRESS; a ten-minute fMRI acquisition; and a long post-fMRI PRESS acquisition. Both pre- and post-fMRI PRESS were non-water suppressed. Real-time frequency stabilization/adjustment was switched off when appropriate. Sixty scanners repeated the protocol for a second dataset. In addition, a three-hour post-fMRI MRS acquisition was performed at one site to observe change of gradient temperature and drift rate. Spectral analysis was performed using MATLAB. Frequency drift in pre-fMRI PRESS data were compared with the first 5:20 minutes and the full 30:00 minutes of data after fMRI. Median (interquartile range) drifts were measured and showed in violin plot. Paired t-tests were performed to compare frequency drift pre- and post-fMRI. A simulated in vivo spectrum was generated using FID-A to visualize the effect of the observed frequency drifts. The simulated spectrum was convolved with the frequency trace for the most extreme cases. Impacts of frequency drifts on NAA and GABA were also simulated as a function of linear drift. Data from the repeated protocol were compared with the corresponding first dataset using Pearson's and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC).

Results: Of the data collected from 99 scanners, 4 were excluded due to various reasons. Thus, data from 95 scanners were ultimately analyzed. For the first 5:20 min (64 transients), median (interquartile range) drift was 0.44 (1.29) Hz before fMRI and 0.83 (1.29) Hz after. This increased to 3.15 (4.02) Hz for the full 30 min (360 transients) run. Average drift rates were 0.29 Hz/min before fMRI and 0.43 Hz/min after. Paired t-tests indicated that drift increased after fMRI, as expected (p < 0.05). Simulated spectra convolved with the frequency drift showed that the intensity of the NAA singlet was reduced by up to 26%, 44 % and 18% for GE, Philips and Siemens scanners after fMRI, respectively. ICCs indicated good agreement between datasets acquired on separate days. The single site long acquisition showed drift rate was reduced to 0.03 Hz/min approximately three hours after fMRI.

Discussion: This study analyzed frequency drift data from 95 3T MRI scanners. Median levels of drift were relatively low (5-min average under 1 Hz), but the most extreme cases suffered from higher levels of drift. The extent of drift varied across scanners which both linear and nonlinear drifts were observed.

Keywords: 3T; Frequency drift; Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS); Multi-site; Multi-vendor; Press.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Competing Interest Jack J. Miller would like to acknowledge the support of a Novo Nordisk Research Fellowship run in conjunction with the University of Oxford. Francisco Reyes-Madrigal has served as a speaker for Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and AstraZeneca. Marc Thioux and Pim van Dijk were supported by The Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development (ZonMW) and the Dorhout Mees Foundation. All other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Fig 1 — **Fig. 1**
a) Individual transients pre- and post-fMRI PRESS (plotted in blue and red, respectively) from one of the highest drift datasets. The frequency offset derived from modeling the water signals is plotted (middle). Three hundred sixty averages correspond to 30 min total scan duration. Panel (b) shows water offset traces for all 95 scanners before and after fMRI for GE (green and light blue), Philips (orange and brown) and Siemens (blue and purple). Panel (c) shows the pre-fMRI PRESS traces and the same period (5:20 min) for post-fMRI traces.

Fig 2 — **Fig. 2**
a) Violin plots of mean absolute frequency offsets for all 95 scanners (median (solid line) and IQR (dashed line)); data from GE (green), Philips (orange) and Siemens (blue) are plotted. P-values show the mean values are significantly different before and after running the fMRI sequence. Panel (b) shows a scatterplot between pre-fMRI and early post-fMRI (first 5:20 min) with the confidence interval shaded in grey, in which a moderate correlation was observed.

Fig 3 — **Fig. 3**
Frequency offsets from day 1 against day 2 a) before fMRI and b) after fMRI, for GE (green), Philips (orange) and Siemens (blue). Inserts show only those traces that remain within the gray box on the primary plot to allow for visualization of the lower-drift traces.

Fig 4 — **Fig. 4**
Comparison of simulated spectra with frequency offsets applied between minimum and maximum drift for pre- and post-fMRI PRESS data. The minimum-drift case for each vendor (50% opacity) is overlaid with the maximum-drift case (opaque).

Fig 5 — **Fig. 5**
Impact of linear drift. Panel (a) shows the change in simulated NAA signal height as a function of the range of linear drift. Panel (b) shows the simulated GABA integral changes as a function of the same linear drift, due to editing efficiency losses.

Fig 6 — **Fig. 6**
Temperature change and water frequency offset before and after fMRI for the long PRESS acquisition. Panel (a) shows the corresponding gradient temperatures from sensors at different locations as well as the bore and scan room temperature. Panel (b) shows the change of frequency offsets after fMRI.

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Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

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Frequency drift in MR spectroscopy at 3T

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