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. 2021 Oct:97:186-192.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.011. Epub 2021 Jul 25.

Immune markers are associated with cognitive performance in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study

Mitchell S V Elkind  1 , Michelle Moon  2 , Tatjana Rundek  3 , Clinton B Wright  4 , Ken Cheung  5 , Ralph L Sacco  6 , Mady Hornig  7
Affiliations

Immune markers are associated with cognitive performance in a multiethnic cohort: The Northern Manhattan Study

Mitchell S V Elkind et al. Brain Behav Immun. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Objective: To determine whether immune protein panels add significant information to correlates of cognition.

Background: Immune mechanisms in vascular cognitive aging are incompletely characterized.

Design/methods: A subsample of the prospective Northern Manhattan Study underwent detailed neuropsychological testing. Cognitive scores were converted into Z-scores and categorized into four domains (memory, language, processing speed, and executive function) based on factor analysis. Blood samples were analyzed using a 60-plex immunoassay. We used least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) procedures to select markers and their interactions independently associated with cognitive scores. Linear regression models assessed cross-sectional associations of known correlates of cognition with cognitive scores, and assessed model fit before and after addition of LASSO-selected immune markers.

Results: Among 1179 participants (mean age 70 ± 8.9 years, 60% women, 68% Hispanic), inclusion of LASSO-selected immune markers improved model fit above age, education, and other risk factors (p for likelihood ratio test < 0.005 for all domains). C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 11 (CCL 11, eotaxin), C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 9 (CXCL9), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and serpin E1 (plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) were associated with each of the domains and with overall cognitive function. Immune marker effects were comparable to conventional risk factors: for executive function, each standard deviation (SD) increase in CCL11 was associated with an effect equivalent to aging three years; for memory, HGF had twice the effect of aging.

Conclusions: Immune markers associate with cognitive function in a multi-ethnic cohort. Further work is needed to validate these findings and determine optimal treatment targets.

Keywords: Cognition; Cohort studies; Epidemiology; Immune function; Innate immunity; Vascular dementia.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest:

Dr. Elkind receives royalties from UpToDate for chapters on stroke and COVID-19.

Ms. Moon declares no conflicts of interest.

Dr. Cheung declares no conflicts of interest.

Dr. Sacco declares no conflict of interest.

Dr. Hornig declares no conflict of interest.

Dr. Rundek declares no conflict of interest.

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