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Review
. 2021 Jul 29;402(9):1129-1145.
doi: 10.1515/hsz-2021-0209. Print 2021 Aug 26.

Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver

Christian Ehlting  1 , Stephanie D Wolf  1 , Johannes G Bode  1
Affiliations
Review

Acute-phase protein synthesis: a key feature of innate immune functions of the liver

Christian Ehlting et al. Biol Chem. .

Abstract

The expression of acute-phase proteins (APP's) maintains homeostasis and tissue repair, but also represents a central component of the organism's defense strategy, especially in the context of innate immunity. Accordingly, an inflammatory response is accompanied by significant changes in the serum protein composition, an aspect that is also used diagnostically. As the main site of APP synthesis the liver is constantly exposed to antigens or pathogens via blood flow, but also to systemic inflammatory signals originating either from the splanchnic area or from the circulation. Under both homeostatic and acute-phase response (APR) conditions the composition of APP's is determined by the pattern of regulatory mediators derived from the systemic circulation or from local cell populations, especially liver macrophages. The key regulators mentioned here most frequently are IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition to a variety of molecular mediators described mainly on the basis of in vitro studies, recent data emphasize the in vivo relevance of cellular key effectors as well as molecular key mediators and protein modifications for the regulation and function of APP's. These are aspects, on which the present review is primarily focused.

Keywords: acute-phase response; alpha-1-acid-glycoprotein; alpha-2-macroglobulin; hepatocyte; inflammation; serum amyloid A.

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