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Review
. 2021 Jul 31;17(1):261.
doi: 10.1186/s12917-021-02935-5.

Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza - usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease - a narrative review

Birgit Makoschey  1 , Anna Catharina Berge  2
Affiliations
Review

Review on bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine parainfluenza - usual suspects in bovine respiratory disease - a narrative review

Birgit Makoschey et al. BMC Vet Res. .

Abstract

Bovine Respiratory Syncytial virus (BRSV) and Bovine Parainfluenza 3 virus (BPIV3) are closely related viruses involved in and both important pathogens within bovine respiratory disease (BRD), a major cause of morbidity with economic losses in cattle populations around the world. The two viruses share characteristics such as morphology and replication strategy with each other and with their counterparts in humans, HRSV and HPIV3. Therefore, BRSV and BPIV3 infections in cattle are considered useful animal models for HRSV and HPIV3 infections in humans.The interaction between the viruses and the different branches of the host's immune system is rather complex. Neutralizing antibodies seem to be a correlate of protection against severe disease, and cell-mediated immunity is thought to be essential for virus clearance following acute infection. On the other hand, the host's immune response considerably contributes to the tissue damage in the upper respiratory tract.BRSV and BPIV3 also have similar pathobiological and epidemiological features. Therefore, combination vaccines against both viruses are very common and a variety of traditional live attenuated and inactivated BRSV and BPIV3 vaccines are commercially available.

Keywords: BPIV3; BRD; BRSV; Bovine Parainfluenza; Bovine respiratory disease; Bovine respiratory syncytial virus; Review; Vaccines.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

BM is an employee of MSD Animal Health, the company that markets the vaccines and pharmaceuticals to prevent and treat BRSV and BPIV3.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Morphology of BRSV and BPIV3. G: G protein; HN: Haemagglutinase – Neuraminidase; L: Polymerase protein; M: Matrix protein; N: Nucleoprotein; P: Phosphoprotein; F: Fusion protein
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Cytopathic effect caused by BPIV3 virus and haemadsorption of erythrocytes onto the surface of the infected cell layer
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Formation of syncytia and immunostaining of BRSV in mucosal cells in the bronchioli of a calf infected with BRSV
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Interstitial pneumonia in a lung of a calf two weeks after infection with BRSV
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Virus infection and interaction with the innate immune system. a Virus passes the mucous layer, binds to sialic acids on the surface of the cell membrane. b Virus and enters the epithelial cell. c The virus replication in the infected cells leads to damage of the cells and to the formation of syncytia (cytopathic effect). d The virus infection triggers an antiviral innate immune response (production of interferon). The NS1 and NS2 protein of BRSV reduce the interferon response. e Macrophages and natural killer cells are attracted and destroy virus infected cells. f The immune response leads to further tissue damage. BRSV and PI3 both enhance this process
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Role of humoral and cellular immune response in controling virus infection
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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