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. 2021 Jul 16:8:654422.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.654422. eCollection 2021.

Geographical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Sporadic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreaks From June to December 2020 in China: An Overview of Environment-To-Human Transmission Events

Maohui Feng  1 , Qiong Ling  2 , Jun Xiong  3 , Anne Manyande  4 , Weiguo Xu  5 , Boqi Xiang  6
Affiliations

Geographical and Epidemiological Characteristics of Sporadic Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreaks From June to December 2020 in China: An Overview of Environment-To-Human Transmission Events

Maohui Feng et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

China quickly brought the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 under control during the early stage of 2020; thus, this generated sufficient confidence among the public, which enabled them to respond to several sporadic coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks. This article presents geographical and epidemiological characteristics of several sporadic coronavirus disease 2019 outbreaks from June to December 2020 in China. The data show that the coronavirus disease may be transmitted by imported cold-chain food and international exchange, and this viewpoint deserves our great attention.

Keywords: COVID-19 disease; cold-chain food; environment-to-human transmission; scientific protective measures; severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Geographical epidemiological characteristics of eight cities during the sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks in China. Dalian, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Shanghai are coastal cities, and Kashi and Manzhouli are border cities.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Graph's x-axis (dates from June 1 to December 31, 2020) is used as a timeline of key events and dynamic profile of cold-chain environment-to-human transmission during sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks in China. In Xinfadi of Beijing, Dalian, Qingdao, Kashi, Tianjin, and Shanghai, polymerase chain reaction on environmental swab samples (i.e., frozen food package) related to imported cold-chain food were positive for SARS-CoV-2. In Qingdao, live SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from imported frozen cod outer package's surface, showing that there exists cold-chain environment-to-human transmission.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Graph's x-axis (dates from June 11 to 23, 2020) is used as a timeline of key events and dynamic profile during COVID-19 outbreak. Profiles of confirmed cases are shown in graph's y-axis. First case in Beijing's fresh outbreak was recorded on June 11. Inset shows that daily rise had been steadily dropping, with only nine recorded on Jun 21, since peaking on June 14 with 36 confirmed cases.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Geographical epidemiological characteristics of confirmed cases in Beijing city. (A) Geographical distribution of all confirmed cases. (B) Spatial distribution of confirmed cases. Proportion of confirmed cases in Fengtai district was 66.8% of overall cases in Beijing. Red dots represent spatial distribution of confirmed cases, and green dots stand for the top five concentrated communities of confirmed cases.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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