Improved risk estimation of locoregional recurrence, secondary contralateral tumors and distant metastases in early breast cancer: the INFLUENCE 2.0 model

Abstract

Purpose: To extend the functionality of the existing INFLUENCE nomogram for locoregional recurrence (LRR) of breast cancer toward the prediction of secondary primary tumors (SP) and distant metastases (DM) using updated follow-up data and the best suitable statistical approaches.

Methods: Data on women diagnosed with non-metastatic invasive breast cancer were derived from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (n = 13,494). To provide flexible time-dependent individual risk predictions for LRR, SP, and DM, three statistical approaches were assessed; a Cox proportional hazard approach (COX), a parametric spline approach (PAR), and a random survival forest (RSF). These approaches were evaluated on their discrimination using the Area Under the Curve (AUC) statistic and on calibration using the Integrated Calibration Index (ICI). To correct for optimism, the performance measures were assessed by drawing 200 bootstrap samples.

Results: Age, tumor grade, pT, pN, multifocality, type of surgery, hormonal receptor status, HER2-status, and adjuvant therapy were included as predictors. While all three approaches showed adequate calibration, the RSF approach offers the best optimism-corrected 5-year AUC for LRR (0.75, 95%CI: 0.74-0.76) and SP (0.67, 95%CI: 0.65-0.68). For the prediction of DM, all three approaches showed equivalent discrimination (5-year AUC: 0.77-0.78), while COX seems to have an advantage concerning calibration (ICI < 0.01). Finally, an online calculator of INFLUENCE 2.0 was created.

Conclusions: INFLUENCE 2.0 is a flexible model to predict time-dependent individual risks of LRR, SP and DM at a 5-year scale; it can support clinical decision-making regarding personalized follow-up strategies for curatively treated non-metastatic breast cancer patients.

Keywords: Contralateral breast cancer; Follow-up; Mamma carcinoma; Metachronous metastasis; Recurrence; Risk prediction.

Fig. 1

a Area under the Receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) per quarter year for the outcome locoregional recurrence (LRR). The lines are displayed with 95% Confidence Intervals. b Area under the Receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) per quarter year for the outcome secondary primary (SP). The lines are displayed with 95% Confidence Intervals. c Area under the Receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) per quarter year for the outcome distant metastasis (DM). The lines are displayed with 95% Confidence Intervals. Cox Cox proportional hazard model, PAR Parametric Spline Model, and RSF Random Survival Forest