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. 2021 Aug 26;8(8):e29419.
doi: 10.2196/29419.

The Persistence of the Impact of COVID-19-Related Distress, Mood Inertia, and Loneliness on Mental Health During a Postlockdown Period in Germany: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

Matthias Haucke  1   2 , Shuyan Liu #  1 , Stephan Heinzel #  2
Affiliations

The Persistence of the Impact of COVID-19-Related Distress, Mood Inertia, and Loneliness on Mental Health During a Postlockdown Period in Germany: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study

Matthias Haucke et al. JMIR Ment Health. .

Abstract

Background: The first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020 increased mental health problems globally. However, little is known about mental health problems during a low-incidence period of the pandemic without strict public health measures.

Objective: We aim to investigate whether COVID-19-related risk factors for mental health problems persist beyond lockdown measures. We targeted a vulnerable population that is at risk of developing low mental health and assessed their daily dynamics of mood and emotion regulation after a strict lockdown.

Methods: During a postlockdown period in Germany (between August 8, 2020, and November 1, 2020), we conducted an ecological momentary assessment with 131 participants who experienced at least mild COVID-19-related distress and loneliness. To estimate negative mood inertia, we built a lag-1 three-level autoregressive model.

Results: We found that information exposure and active daily COVID-19 cases did not have an impact on negative mood amid a postlockdown period. However, there was a day-to-day carryover effect of negative mood. In addition, worrying about COVID-19, feeling restricted by COVID-19, and feeling lonely increased negative mood.

Conclusions: The mental health of a vulnerable population is still challenged by COVID-19-related stressors after the lifting of a strict lockdown. This study highlights the need to protect mental health during postpandemic periods.

Keywords: COVID-19; ecological momentary assessment; epidemics; low incidence and restrictions; outbreaks; pandemics; psychological responses and emotional well-being; risk and protective factors.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflicts of Interest: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Recruitment flow.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Loneliness, COVID-19 worries, feelings of restriction, and day-to-day mood inertia increased negative mood. Moment-to-moment mood inertia, active COVID-19 cases, and COVID-19 information seeking did not increase negative mood. *P<.05, **P<.01, ***P<.0001 (two-tailed). N=131.
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