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Review
. 2021 Jul 14;11(7):2097.
doi: 10.3390/ani11072097.

The Mechanistic Action of Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Aquaculture and Livestock Industries

Catrenar De Silva  1 , Norazah Mohammad Nawawi  2   3 , Murni Marlina Abd Karim  4   5 , Shafinaz Abd Gani  1 , Mas Jaffri Masarudin  6 , Baskaran Gunasekaran  7 , Siti Aqlima Ahmad  1   8
Affiliations
Review

The Mechanistic Action of Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles and Its Application in Aquaculture and Livestock Industries

Catrenar De Silva et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field due to the emergence of various resistant pathogens and the failure of commercial methods of treatment. AgNPs have emerged as one of the best nanotechnology metal nanoparticles due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and success and efficiency in combating various pathogens over the years, with the biological method of synthesis being the most effective and environmentally friendly method. The primary mode of action of AgNPs against pathogens are via their cytotoxicity, which is influenced by the size and shape of the nanoparticles. The cytotoxicity of the AgNPs gives rise to various theorized mechanisms of action of AgNPs against pathogens such as activation of reactive oxygen species, attachment to cellular membranes, intracellular damage and inducing the viable but non-culturable state (VBNC) of pathogens. This review will be centred on the various theorized mechanisms of actions and its application in the aquaculture, livestock and poultry industries. The application of AgNPs in aquaculture is focused around water treatment, disease control and aquatic nutrition, and in the livestock application it is focused on livestock and poultry.

Keywords: aquaculture; biotechnology; livestock; nanotechnology; poultry; toxicity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The various shapes of synthesized nanoparticles (adapted from Jo et al. [22] and Walters and Parkin [23]).
Figure 2
Figure 2
The activation of ROS by AgNPs and the possible mechanism of action towards Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cells (adapted from Pandey et al. [49]).
Figure 3
Figure 3
The summary of the pathway of cell death caused by an increase in membrane permeability due to the presence of AgNPs (adapted from Rai et al. [27]).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Intracellular damage of the cell caused by AgNPs. (A) Process of AgNPs penetration into bacterial cell and disruptions caused on the membrane; (B) process of ribosome denaturation by AgNPs; (C) interaction of AgNPs with proteins and enzymes, adapted from Qing et al. [63].
Figure 5
Figure 5
The applications of AgNPs in aquaculture (water treatment, disease control and aquatic nutrients), livestock and poultry industries.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Water filtration system employing AgNPs with a silver absorbent layer (adapted from Sarkheil et al. [76]).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Methods of application of AgNPs on target organisms.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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