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. 2021 Sep:77:105680.
doi: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105680. Epub 2021 Jul 22.

Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol

Danger Tabio-García  1 , Francisco Paraguay-Delgado  2 , Miguel Á Sánchez-Madrigal  1 , Armando Quintero-Ramos  3 , José C Espinoza-Hicks  1 , Carmen O Meléndez-Pizarro  1 , Martha G Ruiz-Gutiérrez  1 , Eduardo Espitia-Rangel  4
Affiliations

Optimisation of the ultrasound-assisted extraction of betalains and polyphenols from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol

Danger Tabio-García et al. Ultrason Sonochem. 2021 Sep.

Abstract

The present study optimised the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of bioactive compounds from Amaranthus hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol. Influence of temperature (25.86-54.14 °C) and ultrasonic power densities (UPD) (76.01-273.99 mW/mL) on total betalains (BT), betacyanins (BC), betaxanthins (BX), total polyphenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AA), colour parameters (L*, a*, and b*), amaranthine (A), and isoamaranthine (IA) were evaluated using response surface methodology. Moreover, betalain extraction kinetics and mass transfer coefficients (KLa) were determined for each experimental condition. BT, BC, BX, TP, AA, b*, KLa, and A were significantly affected (p < 0.05) by temperature extraction and UPD, whereas L*, a*, and IA were only affected (p < 0.05) by temperature. All response models were significantly validated with regression coefficients (R2) ranging from 87.46 to 99.29%. BT, A, IA, and KLa in UAE were 1.38, 1.65, 1.50, and 29.93 times higher than determined using conventional extraction, respectively. Optimal UAE conditions were obtained at 41.80 °C and 188.84 mW/mL using the desired function methodology. Under these conditions, the experimental values for BC, BX, BT, TP, AA, L*, a*, b*, KLa, A, and IA were closely related to the predicted values, indicating the suitability of the developed quadratic models. This study proposes a simple and efficient UAE method to obtain betalains and polyphenols with high antioxidant activity, which can be used in several applications within the food industry.

Keywords: Amaranthus; Betalains; Polyphenols; Ultrasound-assisted extraction.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Response surface for the effects of temperature extraction and UPD on BC (a), BX (b), BT (c), TP (d), and AA (e) of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol extracts.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Response surface for the effects of temperature extraction and UPD on L* (a), a* (b), b* (c), and KLa (d) of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol extracts.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Kinetics of betalains extraction of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol at different extraction temperatures and UPD.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Kinetic of betalains extraction of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol for control treatment at 40 °C.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
HPLC chromatograms of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol extracts determined at 40 °C and 175 mW/mL (a), in comparison with control treatment at 40 °C (b).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
HPLC chromatograms of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol betacyanins before ß-glucuronidase hydrolysis (a), betanin standard (b), and after ß-glucuronidase hydrolysis (c).
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Response surface for the effects of temperature extraction and UPD on A (a) and IA (b) of A. hypochondriacus var. Nutrisol extracts.
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