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Review
. 2021 Jul 21;27(27):4298-4321.
doi: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i27.4298.

Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors

Jian-Xiong Hu  1 , Cheng-Fei Zhao  2 , Wen-Biao Chen  3 , Qi-Cai Liu  4 , Qu-Wen Li  5 , Yan-Ya Lin  1 , Feng Gao  6
Affiliations
Review

Pancreatic cancer: A review of epidemiology, trend, and risk factors

Jian-Xiong Hu et al. World J Gastroenterol. .

Abstract

Despite rapid advances in modern medical technology and significant improvements in survival rates of many cancers, pancreatic cancer is still a highly lethal gastrointestinal cancer with a low 5-year survival rate and difficulty in early detection. At present, the incidence and mortality of pancreatic cancer are increasing year by year worldwide, no matter in the United States, Europe, Japan, or China. Globally, the incidence of pancreatic cancer is projected to increase to 18.6 per 100000 in 2050, with the average annual growth of 1.1%, meaning that pancreatic cancer will pose a significant public health burden. Due to the special anatomical location of the pancreas, the development of pancreatic cancer is usually diagnosed at a late stage with obvious clinical symptoms. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the risk factors for pancreatic cancer is of great clinical significance for effective prevention of pancreatic cancer. In this paper, the epidemiological characteristics, developmental trends, and risk factors of pancreatic cancer are reviewed and analyzed in detail.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Pancreatic cancer; Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; Risk factors; Trend.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors of this paper declare that there is no conflict of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Maps showing estimated age-standardized rates of incidence and mortality for pancreatic cancer worldwide in 2020, including both sexes and all ages. A: Incidence; B: Mortality. Citation: Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Piñeros M, Znaor A, Soerjomataram I, Bray F. Global Cancer Observatory: Cancer Today. [cited 20 Jan 2021]. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer [Internet]. Available from: https://gco.iarc.fr/today. Copyright ©International Agency for Research on Cancer 2021. Published by World Health Organization[21].
Figure 2
Figure 2
Estimated new cases and deaths from 2001 to 2020 in the United States. The data is from Cancer Statistics that the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States from 2001 to 2020[16,28-47].
Figure 3
Figure 3
Ratio of male to female for estimated new cases and deaths from 2001 to 2020 in the United States. The data is from Cancer Statistics that the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States from 2001 to 2020[16,28-47].
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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