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Review
. 2021 Jul 23:12:723828.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.723828. eCollection 2021.

Trichoderma: A Treasure House of Structurally Diverse Secondary Metabolites With Medicinal Importance

Jian-Long Zhang  1   2   3 , Wen-Li Tang  2 , Qing-Rong Huang  1   4 , You-Zhi Li  2 , Mao-Lian Wei  2 , Lin-Lin Jiang  1   2   3   5 , Chong Liu  1 , Xin Yu  1   2   4 , Hong-Wei Zhu  1   2   3   5 , Guo-Zhong Chen  1   3   4 , Xing-Xiao Zhang  1   3   4
Affiliations
Review

Trichoderma: A Treasure House of Structurally Diverse Secondary Metabolites With Medicinal Importance

Jian-Long Zhang et al. Front Microbiol. .

Abstract

Fungi play an irreplaceable role in drug discovery in the course of human history, as they possess unique abilities to synthesize diverse specialized metabolites with significant medicinal potential. Trichoderma are well-studied filamentous fungi generally observed in nature, which are widely marketed as biocontrol agents. The secondary metabolites produced by Trichoderma have gained extensive attention since they possess attractive chemical structures with remarkable biological activities. A large number of metabolites have been isolated from Trichoderma species in recent years. A previous review by Reino et al. summarized 186 compounds isolated from Trichoderma as well as their biological activities up to 2008. To update the relevant list of reviews of secondary metabolites produced from Trichoderma sp., we provide a comprehensive overview in regard to the newly described metabolites of Trichoderma from the beginning of 2009 to the end of 2020, with emphasis on their chemistry and various bioactivities. A total of 203 compounds with considerable bioactivities are included in this review, which is worth expecting for the discovery of new drug leads and agrochemicals in the foreseeable future. Moreover, new strategies for discovering secondary metabolites of Trichoderma in recent years are also discussed herein.

Keywords: Trichoderma; bioactive compounds; biological activity; chemical diversity; secondary metabolites.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

FIGURE 1
FIGURE 1
Trichothecene sesquiterpenes produced by Trichoderma species (1–24).
FIGURE 2
FIGURE 2
Carotane, cadinane, and cyclonerane sesquiterpenes produced by Trichoderma species (25–52).
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 3
Drimane and other sesquiterpenes produced by Trichoderma species (53–81).
FIGURE 4
FIGURE 4
Harziane and other diterpenes produced by Trichoderma species (82–105).
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 5
Cyclopeptides produced by Trichoderma species (106–116).
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 6
Diketopiperazines produced by Trichoderma species (117–133).
FIGURE 7
FIGURE 7
Alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing compounds produced by Trichoderma species (134–143).
FIGURE 8
FIGURE 8
Naphthalene and octaketide derivatives produced by Trichoderma species (144–168).
FIGURE 9
FIGURE 9
Cytochalasans and other polyketides produced by Trichoderma species (169–197).
FIGURE 10
FIGURE 10
Other compounds produced by Trichoderma species (198–203).
FIGURE 11
FIGURE 11
New strategies for discovering secondary metabolites of Trichoderma.
FIGURE 12
FIGURE 12
Diketopiperazines produced by Trichoderma sp. TPU199 under different conditions.
FIGURE 13
FIGURE 13
Quantification of this studies. (A) Chemical structures categories; (B) producing strains; (C) environment sources; and (D) bioactivity categories.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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