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. 2021 Jul 28:2021:9938566.
doi: 10.1155/2021/9938566. eCollection 2021.

Study on the Regulation Effect of Optogenetic Technology on LFP of the Basal Ganglia Nucleus in Rotenone-Treated Rats

Zongya Zhao  1   2   3 , Yanxiang Niu  2   3 , Peiqi Chen  2   3 , Yu Zhu  2   3 , Liangliang Shi  2   3 , Xuewei Zhao  2   3 , Chang Wang  2   3 , Yehong Zhang  2   3 , Zhixian Gao  2   3 , Wenshuai Jiang  2   3 , Wu Ren  2   3 , Renjun Gu  1   2   4 , Yi Yu  1   2   3   4
Affiliations

Study on the Regulation Effect of Optogenetic Technology on LFP of the Basal Ganglia Nucleus in Rotenone-Treated Rats

Zongya Zhao et al. Neural Plast. .

Abstract

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurological degenerative disease that cannot be completely cured, although drugs can improve or alleviate its symptoms. Optogenetic technology, which stimulates or inhibits neurons with excellent spatial and temporal resolution, provides a new idea and approach for the precise treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, the neural mechanism of photogenetic regulation remains unclear.

Objective: In this paper, we want to study the nonlinear features of EEG signals in the striatum and globus pallidus through optogenetic stimulation of the substantia nigra compact part.

Methods: Rotenone was injected stereotactically into the substantia nigra compact area and ventral tegmental area of SD rats to construct rotenone-treated rats. Then, for the optogenetic manipulation, we injected adeno-associated virus expressing channelrhodopsin to stimulate the globus pallidus and the striatum with a 1 mW blue light and collected LFP signals before, during, and after light stimulation. Finally, the collected LFP signals were analyzed by using nonlinear dynamic algorithms.

Results: After observing the behavior and brain morphology, 16 models were finally determined to be successful. LFP results showed that approximate entropy and fractal dimension of rats in the control group were significantly greater than those in the experimental group after light treatment (p < 0.05). The LFP nonlinear features in the globus pallidus and striatum of rotenone-treated rats showed significant statistical differences before and after light stimulation (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Optogenetic technology can regulate the characteristic value of LFP signals in rotenone-treated rats to a certain extent. Approximate entropy and fractal dimension algorithm can be used as an effective index to study LFP changes in rotenone-treated rats.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) Electrode mold. The electrode wire (12–30 μm in diameter) needs to be manually passed through the mold to form a 4∗8 array, and the distance between the two electrode wires is 200–300 μm. (b) A completed electrode. (c) Electrode impedance measurement; red represents a large impedance.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) The whole process of optogenetic expression. After virus injection, the channel protein was opened under 470 nm blue light irradiation. At this time, the ions in the host cell flow across the membrane, causing the neurons to excite. Photograms of the rat with laser (b) off and (c) on.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Randomly selected one channel, taking 11 seconds of LFP data to analyze and exhibit.
Figure 4
Figure 4
After removing the artifacts such as EMG and EOG, the useful signals were obtained. After wavelet packet function decomposition and reconstruction, the LFP signals of four bands (δ, θ, α, and β) were obtained for the next step of feature calculation.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Parkinson's disease model validation. Apomorphine was intraperitoneally injected, and the rat was placed in a square box. After 5–30 minutes, the rat can be observed to rotate to the contralateral side of the modeled side > 7 laps/min: (a) the unsuccessful rat model; (b) the successful model building.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Modeling success. (a–c) The pictures are the coronal sections of the substantia nigra compact part (AP: −5 mm, ML: 2 mm, and DV: 7.9 mm) of the control group rat under different conditions (DAPI, TH, and merge). (d–f) The pictures are the coronal sections of the SNC part (AP: −5 mm, ML: 2 mm, and DV: 7.9 mm) of the experimental group rat under different conditions (DAPI, TH, and merge). Scale bar 100 μm.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Viral expressed. (a–c) The pictures are the coronal sections of the substantia nigra compact part (AP: −5 mm, ML: 2 mm, and DV: 7.9 mm) of the control group rat under different conditions (DAPI, TH, and merge). (d–f) The pictures are the coronal sections of the SNC part (AP: −5 mm, ML: 2 mm, and DV: 7.9 mm) of the experimental group rat under different conditions (DAPI, TH, and merge). Scale bar 100 μm.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The characteristic value of the LFP signal in the rat striatum brain area after optogenetic experiment. (a) Fractal dimension and (b) approximate entropy. Control represents the LFP signal of rats in the control group; BLS represents the LFP signal before light stimulation in rotenone-treated rats; ILS represents the LFP signal during light stimulation in rotenone-treated rats; ALS represents light in rotenone-treated rat LFP signal after stimulation.
Figure 9
Figure 9
The characteristic value of the LFP signal in the rat globus pallidus brain area after optogenetic experiment. (a) Fractal dimension and (b) approximate entropy. Control represents the LFP signal of rats in the control group; BLS represents the LFP signal before light stimulation in rotenone-treated rats; ILS represents the LFP signal during light stimulation in rotenone-treated rats; ALS represents light in rotenone-treated rat LFP signal after stimulation.
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