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. 2021 Jul 29:2021:5529368.
doi: 10.1155/2021/5529368. eCollection 2021.

Zeolite Socony Mobil-Five Coating on Ti-24 Nb-4 Zr-7.9 Sn Promotes Biocompatibility and Osteogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo

Xiaodong Hang  1 , Xiaohan Liu  1 , Ying Hu  2 , Yilai Jiao  3 , Lin Wu  1
Affiliations

Zeolite Socony Mobil-Five Coating on Ti-24 Nb-4 Zr-7.9 Sn Promotes Biocompatibility and Osteogenesis In Vitro and In Vivo

Xiaodong Hang et al. Biomed Res Int. .

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and osteogenic potential of a Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) coating on a Ti-24 Nb-4 Zr-7.9 Sn (Ti-2448) surface. ZSM-5-modified Ti-2448 (ZSM-5/Ti-2448) and Ti-2448 (control) groups were employed. The physical and chemical properties of the two types of samples were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption/desorption, and contact angle methods. The surface of the ZSM-5/Ti-2448 was rougher than that of the original Ti-2448, while the contact angle of the ZSM-5/Ti-2448 was smaller than that of Ti-2448. In addition, the ZSM-5/Ti-2448 largely increased the specific surface area and introduced silanol groups. A bone-like apatite layer could be formed on the surface of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 after 14 days of incubation in a simulated body fluid. ZSM-5/Ti-2448 was not cytotoxic. The number and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts on ZSM-5/Ti-2448 were significantly higher than those on Ti-2448 surfaces, obtained in vitro using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and ALP activity assays. Few inflammatory cells were observed around ZSM-5/Ti-2448 after insertion into the femurs of Japanese white rabbits after 4, 12, and 26 weeks through hematoxylin-eosin staining. The average gray scale of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on ZSM-5/Ti-2448 peaked earlier than that on Ti-2448, according to immunohistochemical staining. These results indicate that ZSM-5/Ti-2448 has a good biocompatibility and improved early osteogenic potential compared to a noncoated Ti-2448.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Surface characteristics of the ZSM-5/Ti-2448, Ti-2448, and ZSM-5 powders: (a, c) SEM morphologies of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448; (b, d) EDS spectra of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448; (e, f) contact angles of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448; (g) FT-IR spectrum of the ZSM-5 powder; (h) N2 absorption/desorption isotherm of the ZSM-5 powder.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Mineralization on ZSM-5/Ti-2448 (a) and Ti-2448 (b) and EDS spectrum of the deposits on ZSM-5/Ti-2448 (c).
Figure 3
Figure 3
MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448 for 24, 48, and 72 h. The symbols indicate a statistical difference with P < 0.05 between the samples.
Figure 4
Figure 4
ALP activity normalized to the protein content of MC3T3-E1 cells cultured on the ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448 surfaces for 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days. The symbols indicate a statistical difference with P < 0.05 between the samples.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Histological observation of each group with HE staining. Few inflammatory cells are observed around ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448 after 4, 12, and 26 weeks of healing (20x). (A1) 4 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448; (A2) 12 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448; (A3) 26 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448. (B1) 4 weeks, Ti-2448; (B2) 12 weeks, Ti-2448; (B3) 26 weeks, Ti-2448. A: host bone; B: new bone; C: implant material.
Figure 6
Figure 6
TGF-1β immunohistochemical staining of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448 at 4, 12, and 26 weeks after implantation. (a) Photomicrograph of the immunohistochemical staining of TGF-β1 (20x). (A1) 4 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448; (A2) 12 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448; (A3) 26 weeks, ZSM-5/Ti-2448. (B1) 4 weeks, Ti-2448; (B2) 12 weeks, Ti-2448; (B3) 26 weeks, Ti-2448. A host bone, B new bone, and C implant material. The arrow shows the immunohistochemical staining of TGF-β1. (b) TGF-β1 contents of ZSM-5/Ti-2448 and Ti-2448 at 4, 12, and 26 weeks after implantation.
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