Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Jul 22;21(15):4976.
doi: 10.3390/s21154976.

E-Tongues/Noses Based on Conducting Polymers and Composite Materials: Expanding the Possibilities in Complex Analytical Sensing

Alfonso Sierra-Padilla  1 , Juan José García-Guzmán  2 , David López-Iglesias  1 , José María Palacios-Santander  1 , Laura Cubillana-Aguilera  1
Affiliations
Review

E-Tongues/Noses Based on Conducting Polymers and Composite Materials: Expanding the Possibilities in Complex Analytical Sensing

Alfonso Sierra-Padilla et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Conducting polymers (CPs) are extensively studied due to their high versatility and electrical properties, as well as their high environmental stability. Based on the above, their applications as electronic devices are promoted and constitute an interesting matter of research. This review summarizes their application in common electronic devices and their implementation in electronic tongues and noses systems (E-tongues and E-noses, respectively). The monitoring of diverse factors with these devices by multivariate calibration methods for different applications is also included. Lastly, a critical discussion about the enclosed analytical potential of several conducting polymer-based devices in electronic systems reported in literature will be offered.

Keywords: analysis; chemometric; conducting polymers; discrimination; electronic noses; electronic tongues.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic representation of p-doping process of PPy and structure of electronic bands in different electronic states: (a) de-doped, (b) polaron, (c) bipolaron, (d) bipolaron coupling.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Chemical structure of the most relevant intrinsic conducting polymers.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Number of scientific publications containing “electronic tongues” (E-tongues) and “electronic noses” (E-noses) terms published per year. Information obtained from Science Direct database (2021).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Proposed mechanism for ascorbic acid and dopamine interaction using PEDOT-modified electrodes.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Voltammetric responses obtained with PEDOT/Pt (a,b) and sonogel-carbon sensors (c,d) for three types of Italian grape varieties, Ancellota (A), Lambrusco Marani (L) and Malbo Gentile (M), collected at 10 days (T0) and 50 days (T4). Reprinted with permission from ref. [114]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Fabrication of epoxy-resin electrodes modified with CPs powders.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Cyclic voltammograms recorded with (a) PPy–graphite epoxy and (b) PANI–graphite epoxy sensors for different wine and cava samples. Adapted with permission from ref. [127]. Copyright 2014, John Wiley and Sons.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Overall mechanism of gas sensing using a reducing gas (NH3) (a) and an oxidant gas (O3) (b) as examples.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Possible interaction mechanism between ammonia and PANI.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

See all "Cited by" articles

References

    1. Hryniewicz B., Orth E., Vidotti M. Enzymeless PEDOT-based electrochemical sensor for the detection of nitrophenols and organophosphates. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 2018;257:570–578. doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2017.10.162. - DOI
    1. Shoaie N., Daneshpour M., Azimzadeh M., Mahshid S., Khoshfetrat S.M., Jahanpeyma F., Gholaminejad A., Omidfar K., Foruzandeh M. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors based on the use of polyaniline and its nanocomposites: A review on recent advances. Microchim. Acta. 2019;186:465. doi: 10.1007/s00604-019-3588-1. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Rahman A., Kumar P., Park D.-S., Shim Y.-B. Electrochemical sensors based on organic conjugated polymers. Sensors. 2008;8:118–141. doi: 10.3390/s8010118. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Wong Y.C., Ang B.C., Haseeb A.S.M.A., Baharuddin A.A., Wong Y.H. Review—Conducting polymers as chemiresistive gas sensing materials: A review. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2019;167:037503. doi: 10.1149/2.0032003JES. - DOI
    1. Lin Y., Zhao Y., Xin Q., Jiang C., Song A. Electrical control of the optical dielectric properties of PEDOT:PSS thin films. Opt. Mater. 2020;108:110435. doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2020.110435. - DOI