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. 2022 Apr;28(4):351-361.
doi: 10.1017/S1355617721000539. Epub 2021 Aug 11.

Midlife Vascular Factors and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Late-Life in Mexico

Miguel Arce Rentería  1 , Jennifer J Manly  1 , Jet M J Vonk  1   2 , Silvia Mejia Arango  3 , Alejandra Michaels Obregon  4 , Rafael Samper-Ternent  4   5 , Rebeca Wong  4 , Sandra Barral  1 , Giuseppe Tosto  1
Affiliations

Midlife Vascular Factors and Prevalence of Mild Cognitive Impairment in Late-Life in Mexico

Miguel Arce Rentería et al. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2022 Apr.

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its subtypes and investigate the impact of midlife cardiovascular risk factors on late-life MCI among the aging Mexican population.

Method: Analyses included a sample of non-demented adults over the age of 55 living in both urban and rural areas of Mexico (N = 1807). MCI diagnosis was assigned based on a comprehensive cognitive assessment assessing the domains of memory, executive functioning, language, and visuospatial ability. The normative sample was selected by means of the robust norms approach. Cognitive impairment was defined by a 1.5-SD cut-off per cognitive domain using normative corrections for age, years of education, and sex. Risk factors included age, education, sex, rurality, depression, insurance status, workforce status, hypertension, diabetes, stroke, and heart disease.

Results: The prevalence of amnestic MCI was 5.9%. Other MCI subtypes ranged from 4.2% to 7.7%. MCI with and without memory impairment was associated with older age (OR = 1.01 [1.01, 1.05]; OR = 1.03 [1.01, 1.04], respectively) and residing in rural areas (OR = 1.49 [1.08, 2.06]; OR = 1.35 [1.03, 1.77], respectively). Depression (OR = 1.07 [1.02, 1.12]), diabetes (OR = 1.37 [1.03, 1.82]), and years of education (OR = 0.94 [0.91, 0.97]) were associated with MCI without memory impairment. Midlife CVD increased the odds of MCI in late-life (OR = 1.76 [1.19, 2.59], which was driven by both midlife hypertension and diabetes (OR = 1.70 [1.18, 2.44]; OR = 1.88 [1.19, 2.97], respectively).

Conclusions: Older age, depression, low education, rurality, and midlife hypertension and diabetes were associated with higher risk of late-life MCI among older adults in Mexico. Our findings suggest that the causes of cognitive impairment are multifactorial and vary by MCI subtype.

Keywords: Cognitive aging; MHAS; Mex-Cog; Mexican population; Mild cognitive impairment; Neuropsychology.

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Conflict of interest statement

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Flow diagram for identifying participants for the current sample. Note. MMSE = Mini-Mental Status Examination; NP = Neuropsychological Data; MCI = Mild Cognitive Impairment.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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