Multicenter Study

. 2021 Aug 12;13(1):136.

doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00872-x.

Developing methods to detect and diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy during life: rationale, design, and methodology for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project

Michael L Alosco¹, Megan L Mariani², Charles H Adler³, Laura J Balcer⁴, Charles Bernick^{5

6}, Rhoda Au^{7

8

9}, Sarah J Banks¹⁰, William B Barr¹¹, Sylvain Bouix¹², Robert C Cantu¹³, Michael J Coleman¹⁴, David W Dodick³, Lindsay A Farrer¹⁵, Yonas E Geda¹⁶, Douglas I Katz^{17

18}, Inga K Koerte^{12

19}, Neil W Kowall^{13

20}, Alexander P Lin²¹, Daniel S Marcus²², Kenneth L Marek²³, Michael D McClean²⁴, Ann C McKee^{1

20}, Jesse Mez²⁵, Joseph N Palmisano²⁶, Elaine R Peskind²⁷, Yorghos Tripodis²⁸, Robert W Turner 2nd²⁹, Jennifer V Wethe³⁰, Jeffrey L Cummings³¹, Eric M Reiman³², Martha E Shenton³³, Robert A Stern³⁴; DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project Investigators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project Investigators:
Charles H Adler, Michael L Alosco, Rhoda Au, Laura Balcer, Sarah Banks, William Barr, Charles Bernick, Sylvain Bouix, Robert C Cantu, Kewei Chen, Michael J Coleman, Jeffrey L Cummings, David W Dodick, Lindsay Farrer, Jennifer Fitzsimmons, Yonas Geda, Judith Goldberg, Robert Helm, Keith A Johnson, Douglas I Katz, Ivan Kirov, Inga K Koerte, Neil Kowall, Alexander P Lin, Yvonne Lui, Daniel S Marcus, Kenneth L Marek, Megan Mariani, Charles Marmar, Michael McClean, Ann C McKee, Jesse Mez, Jason Miller, Joseph N Palmisano, Ofer Pasternak, Elaine R Peskind, Hillary Protas, Eric Reiman, Aaron Ritter, Martha E Shenton, Robert A Stern, Yi Su, Yorghos Tripodis, Robert W Turner, Jason Weller, Jennifer V Wethe

Affiliations

¹ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
² Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
⁴ Departments of Neurology, Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁵ Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
⁶ Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Framingham Heart Study, and Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸ Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰ Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
¹¹ Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹² Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, BU Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁶ Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁸ Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA, USA.
¹⁹ cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
²⁰ VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
²³ Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Invicro, LLC, New Haven, CT, USA.
²⁴ Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Framingham Heart Study, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁶ Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁷ VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁹ Department of Clinical Research & Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
³¹ Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
³² Banner Alzheimer's Institute, University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
³³ Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁴ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. bobstern@bu.edu.

PMID: 34384490
PMCID: PMC8357968
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00872-x

Multicenter Study

Developing methods to detect and diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy during life: rationale, design, and methodology for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project

Michael L Alosco et al. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2021.

. 2021 Aug 12;13(1):136.

doi: 10.1186/s13195-021-00872-x.

Authors

Collaborators

DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project Investigators:
Charles H Adler, Michael L Alosco, Rhoda Au, Laura Balcer, Sarah Banks, William Barr, Charles Bernick, Sylvain Bouix, Robert C Cantu, Kewei Chen, Michael J Coleman, Jeffrey L Cummings, David W Dodick, Lindsay Farrer, Jennifer Fitzsimmons, Yonas Geda, Judith Goldberg, Robert Helm, Keith A Johnson, Douglas I Katz, Ivan Kirov, Inga K Koerte, Neil Kowall, Alexander P Lin, Yvonne Lui, Daniel S Marcus, Kenneth L Marek, Megan Mariani, Charles Marmar, Michael McClean, Ann C McKee, Jesse Mez, Jason Miller, Joseph N Palmisano, Ofer Pasternak, Elaine R Peskind, Hillary Protas, Eric Reiman, Aaron Ritter, Martha E Shenton, Robert A Stern, Yi Su, Yorghos Tripodis, Robert W Turner, Jason Weller, Jennifer V Wethe

Affiliations

¹ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
² Boston University CTE Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
³ Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
⁴ Departments of Neurology, Population Health and Ophthalmology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁵ Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
⁶ Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
⁷ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Framingham Heart Study, and Slone Epidemiology Center, Boston, MA, USA.
⁸ Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology and Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
⁹ Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰ Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
¹¹ Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
¹² Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
¹³ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁴ Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁵ Departments of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Neurology, Ophthalmology, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, BU Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁶ Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Program, Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
¹⁷ Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁸ Encompass Health Braintree Rehabilitation Hospital, Braintree, MA, USA.
¹⁹ cBRAIN, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and Psychotherapy, Ludwigs-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany.
²⁰ VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Center for Clinical Spectroscopy, Department of Radiology, Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
²² Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
²³ Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Invicro, LLC, New Haven, CT, USA.
²⁴ Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Framingham Heart Study, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁶ Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center (BEDAC), Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁷ VA Northwest Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.
²⁸ Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁹ Department of Clinical Research & Leadership, The George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA.
³⁰ Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
³¹ Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA.
³² Banner Alzheimer's Institute, University of Arizona, Arizona State University, Translational Genomics Research Institute, and Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
³³ Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁴ Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston University CTE Center, Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. bobstern@bu.edu.

PMID: 34384490
PMCID: PMC8357968
DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00872-x

Abstract

Background: Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a neurodegenerative disease that has been neuropathologically diagnosed in brain donors exposed to repetitive head impacts, including boxers and American football, soccer, ice hockey, and rugby players. CTE cannot yet be diagnosed during life. In December 2015, the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke awarded a seven-year grant (U01NS093334) to fund the "Diagnostics, Imaging, and Genetics Network for the Objective Study and Evaluation of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (DIAGNOSE CTE) Research Project." The objectives of this multicenter project are to: develop in vivo fluid and neuroimaging biomarkers for CTE; characterize its clinical presentation; refine and validate clinical research diagnostic criteria (i.e., traumatic encephalopathy syndrome [TES]); examine repetitive head impact exposure, genetic, and other risk factors; and provide shared resources of anonymized data and biological samples to the research community. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of the rationale, design, and methods for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project.

Methods: The targeted sample and sample size was 240 male participants, ages 45-74, including 120 former professional football players, 60 former collegiate football players, and 60 asymptomatic participants without a history of head trauma or participation in organized contact sports. Participants were evaluated at one of four U.S. sites and underwent the following baseline procedures: neurological and neuropsychological examinations; tau and amyloid positron emission tomography; magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy; lumbar puncture; blood and saliva collection; and standardized self-report measures of neuropsychiatric, cognitive, and daily functioning. Study partners completed similar informant-report measures. Follow-up evaluations were intended to be in-person and at 3 years post-baseline. Multidisciplinary diagnostic consensus conferences are held, and the reliability and validity of TES diagnostic criteria are examined.

Results: Participant enrollment and all baseline evaluations were completed in February 2020. Three-year follow-up evaluations began in October 2019. However, in-person evaluation ceased with the COVID-19 pandemic, and resumed as remote, 4-year follow-up evaluations (including telephone-, online-, and videoconference-based cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and neurologic examinations, as well as in-home blood draw) in February 2021.

Conclusions: Findings from the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project should facilitate detection and diagnosis of CTE during life, and thereby accelerate research on risk factors, mechanisms, epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of CTE.

Trial registration: NCT02798185.

Keywords: Biomarkers; Chronic traumatic encephalopathy; Cognitive function; College football; Concussion; Football; Head trauma; MRI; MRS; National Football League; Neurodegenerative disease; Neuroimaging; Positron emission tomography; Remote assessment; Repetitive head impacts; Subconcussion; Tau; Traumatic brain injury; Traumatic encephalopathy syndrome.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

MLA: None to report.

MLM: None to report.

CHA: None to report.

LJB is Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology, and is a paid consultant to Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA).

CB receives research support from the Ultimate Fighting Championship, Top Rank promotions, Haymon Boxing, Las Vegas Raiders, and Professional Bull Riders. He is a paid consultant for Aurora Concussion Therapy Systems, Inc. (St. Paul, MN).

RA is a paid consultant to Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA) and serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of Signant Health (Blue Bell, PA).

SJB: None to report.

WBB provides expert witness testimony in legal cases involving concussion and CTE.

SB: None to report.

RCC is a Senior Advisor to the NFL Head Neck & Spine Committee; Vice President, National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment; and Chair, Scientific Advisory Committee, Co-Founder, and Medical Director, Concussion Legacy Foundation. He is a member of the Medical Science Committee for the National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation, and he receives royalties for published books from Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

MJC: None to report.

DWD reports the following competing interests: Consulting: AEON, Amgen, Clexio, Cerecin, Cooltech, Ctrl M, Allergan, Alder, Biohaven, GSK, Linpharma, Lundbeck, Promius, Eli Lilly, eNeura, Novartis, Impel, Satsuma, Theranica, WL Gore, Nocira, XoC, Zosano, Upjohn (Division of Pfizer), Pieris, Praxis, Revance, Equinox. Honoraria: Clinical Care Solutions, CME Outfitters, Curry Rockefeller Group, DeepBench, Global Access Meetings, KLJ Associates, Academy for Continued Healthcare Learning, Majallin LLC, Medlogix Communications, MJH Lifesciences, Miller Medical Communications, Southern Headache Society (MAHEC), WebMD Health/Medscape, Wolters Kluwer, Oxford University Press, Cambridge University Press. Research Support: Department of Defense, National Institutes of Health, Henry Jackson Foundation, Sperling Foundation, American Migraine Foundation, Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI). Stock Options/Shareholder/Patents/Board of Directors: Ctrl M (options), Aural analytics (options), ExSano (options), Palion (options), Healint (Options), Theranica (Options), Second Opinion/Mobile Health (Options), Epien (Options/Board), Nocira (options), Matterhorn (Shares/Board), Ontologics (Shares/Board), King-Devick Technologies (Options/Board), Precon Health (Options/Board). Patent 17189376.1-1466:vTitle: Botulinum Toxin Dosage Regimen for Chronic Migraine Prophylaxis.

LAF: None to report.

YEG has received research funding from Roche Inc and has been a paid consultant for Lundbeck.

DIK receives royalties from Springer/Demos Publishing for a text book on brain injury, serves as expert witness in legal cases involving brain injury and concussion, receives a stipend from Encompass Health as program medical director for brain injury and chair of the annual Neurorehabilitation conference; and has received honoraria for a keynote address for the HealthSouth annual Medical Directors meeting and some grand rounds lectures involving TBI.

IKK: None to report.

NWK: None to report.

APL is a paid consultant to Agios Pharmaceuticals (Cambridge, MA, USA), Biomarin Pharmaceuticals (Novato, CA, USA), and Moncton MRI (Moncton, Canada). He is the co-founder of BrainSpec, Inc.

DSM has an equity interest in Radiologics, Inc., White Rabbit, Inc., and Sora Neuroscience, LLC.

KLM is a consultant for the Michael J Fox Foundation, GE Healthcare, Roche, UCB, Lysosomal Therapeutic, Inc, Denali, Takeda, Samumed, Cerapsir, HANDL, Biohaven, Neuron23, Aprinoia, Hemacure, Genentech, and Invicro,

MDM: None to report.

ACM: None to report.

JM: None to report.

JNP: None to report.

EP: None to report.

YT: None to report.

RWT: None to report.

JVW: None to report.

JLC has provided consultation to Acadia, Alkahest, AriBio, Avanir, Axsome, Behren Therapeutics, Biogen, Cassava, Cerecin, Cerevel, Cortexyme, EIP Pharma, Eisai, GemVax, Genentech, Green Valley, Grifols, Janssen, Jazz, Karuna, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Otsuka, ReMYND, Resverlogix, Roche, Samumed, Samus, Signant Health, Sunovion, Suven, United Neuroscience, and Unlearn AI pharmaceutical and assessment companies. He owns the copyright of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory.

EMR is a compensated scientific advisor for Alkahest, Alzheon, Aural Analytics, Denali, Green Valley, Retromer Therapeutics, and Vaxxinity, and a co-founder of ALZPath.

MES: None to report.

RAS is a paid consultant to Biogen (Cambridge, MA, USA). He is a member of the Board of Directors of King-Devick Technologies, Inc. (Chicago, IL, USA), and he receives royalties for published neuropsychological tests from Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. (Lutz, FL, USA). He is a member of the Medical Science Committee for the National Collegiate Athletic Association Student-Athlete Concussion Injury Litigation.

Cited by

Fluid biomarkers of chronic traumatic brain injury.
Friberg S, Lindblad C, Zeiler FA, Zetterberg H, Granberg T, Svenningsson P, Piehl F, Thelin EP. Friberg S, et al. Nat Rev Neurol. 2024 Nov;20(11):671-684. doi: 10.1038/s41582-024-01024-z. Epub 2024 Oct 3. Nat Rev Neurol. 2024. PMID: 39363129 Review.
Flortaucipir tau PET findings from former professional and college American football players in the DIAGNOSE CTE research project.
Su Y, Protas H, Luo J, Chen K, Alosco ML, Adler CH, Balcer LJ, Bernick C, Au R, Banks SJ, Barr WB, Coleman MJ, Dodick DW, Katz DI, Marek KL, McClean MD, McKee AC, Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Palmisano JN, Peskind ER, Turner RW 2nd, Wethe JV, Rabinovici G, Johnson K, Tripodis Y, Cummings JL, Shenton ME, Stern RA, Reiman EM; DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project Investigators. Su Y, et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2024 Mar;20(3):1827-1838. doi: 10.1002/alz.13602. Epub 2023 Dec 22. Alzheimers Dement. 2024. PMID: 38134231 Free PMC article.
Rationale and design of the "NEurodegeneration: Traumatic brain injury as Origin of the Neuropathology (NEwTON)" study: a prospective cohort study of individuals at risk for chronic traumatic encephalopathy.
van Amerongen S, Caton DK, Ossenkoppele R, Barkhof F, Pouwels PJW, Teunissen CE, Rozemuller AJM, Hoozemans JJM, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Vijverberg EGB. van Amerongen S, et al. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022 Sep 1;14(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s13195-022-01059-8. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2022. PMID: 36050790 Free PMC article.
Multiparameter cortical surface morphology in former amateur contact sport athletes.
Recht G, Hou J, Buddenbaum C, Cheng H, Newman SD, Saykin AJ, Kawata K. Recht G, et al. Cereb Cortex. 2024 Jul 3;34(7):bhae301. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhae301. Cereb Cortex. 2024. PMID: 39077916 Free PMC article.
White matter hyperintensities in former American football players.
Alosco ML, Tripodis Y, Baucom ZH, Adler CH, Balcer LJ, Bernick C, Mariani ML, Au R, Banks SJ, Barr WB, Wethe JV, Cantu RC, Coleman MJ, Dodick DW, McClean MD, McKee AC, Mez J, Palmisano JN, Martin B, Hartlage K, Lin AP, Koerte IK, Cummings JL, Reiman EM, Stern RA, Shenton ME, Bouix S; DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project. Alosco ML, et al. Alzheimers Dement. 2023 Apr;19(4):1260-1273. doi: 10.1002/alz.12779. Epub 2022 Aug 22. Alzheimers Dement. 2023. PMID: 35996231 Free PMC article.

See all "Cited by" articles

References

1. McKee AC, Cantu RC, Nowinski CJ, Hedley-Whyte ET, Gavett BE, Budson AE, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in athletes: progressive tauopathy after repetitive head injury. J Neuropath Exp Neurol. 2009;68(7):709–735. - PMC - PubMed
1. McKee AC, Stern RA, Nowinski CJ, Stein TD, Alvarez VE, Daneshvar DH, et al. The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Brain. 2013;136(1):43–64. - PMC - PubMed
1. Mez J, Daneshvar DH, Kiernan PT, Abdolmohammadi B, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Alosco ML, Solomon TM, Nowinski CJ, McHale L, Cormier KA, Kubilus CA, Martin BM, Murphy L, Baugh CM, Montenigro PH, Chaisson CE, Tripodis Y, Kowall NW, Weuve J, McClean MD, Cantu RC, Goldstein LE, Katz DI, Stern RA, Stein TD, McKee AC. Clinicopathological evaluation of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in players of American Football. JAMA. 2017;318(4):360–370. - PMC - PubMed
1. Goldstein LE, Fisher AM, Tagge CA, Zhang XL, Velisek L, Sullivan JA, et al. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model. Sci Transl Med. 2012;16(134):1–16. - PMC - PubMed
1. Omalu BI, DeKosky ST, Minster RL, Kamboh MI, Hamilton RL, Wecht CH. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a National Football League player. Neurosurgery. 2005;57(1):128–134. - PubMed

Publication types

Actions
Actions

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Developing methods to detect and diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy during life: rationale, design, and methodology for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project

Collaborators

Affiliations

Developing methods to detect and diagnose chronic traumatic encephalopathy during life: rationale, design, and methodology for the DIAGNOSE CTE Research Project

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Associated data

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Similar articles

Cited by

References

Publication types

MeSH terms

Associated data

Related information

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical