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. 2021 Jul 29;6(31):20433-20444.
doi: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02422. eCollection 2021 Aug 10.

Extended Release of Metronidazole Drug Using Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Bionanocomposite Beads as the Drug Carrier

Gyanendra Kumar  1 , Karan Chaudhary  1 , Navin Kumar Mogha  2 , Arun Kant  1 , Dhanraj T Masram  1
Affiliations

Extended Release of Metronidazole Drug Using Chitosan/Graphene Oxide Bionanocomposite Beads as the Drug Carrier

Gyanendra Kumar et al. ACS Omega. .

Abstract

This study depicts the facile approach for the synthesis of chitosan/graphene oxide bionanocomposite (Chi/GO) beads via the gelation process. This is the first-ever study in which these Chi/GO beads have been utilized as a drug carrier for the oral drug delivery of metronidazole (MTD) drug, and investigations were made regarding the release pattern of the MTD drug using these Chi/GO beads as a drug carrier for a prolonged period of 84 h. The MTD is loaded on the surface as well as the cavity of the Chi/GO beads to result in MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads. The MTD drug loading was found to be 683 mg/g. Furthermore, the in vitro release patterns of pure drug and the drug encapsulated with Chi/GO beads are explored in simulated gastric as well as simulated intestinal fluids with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) of pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. As-synthesized bionanocomposite beads have shown excellent stability and capacity for extended release of the MTD drug as compared to the pure drug in terms of bioavailability in both media. The cumulative release data are fitted with the Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetics and first-order reaction kinetics at pH 1.2 and 7.4. The synthesized bionanocomposite beads have good potential to minimize the multiple-dose frequency with the sustained drug release property and can reduce the side effects due to the drug.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing financial interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) FTIR spectra of (i) GO, (ii) chitosan, (iii) Chi/GO, (iv) pure MTD, and (vi) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads, and (b) XRD of (i) GO, (ii) chitosan, (iii) Chi/GO, and (iv) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads.
Figure 2
Figure 2
XPS (a) survey spectrum, (b) deconvoluted C 1s spectrum, (c) deconvoluted N 1s spectrum, and (d) deconvoluted O 1s spectrum of the MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images showing the surface morphologies for (a) dry beads of pure chitosan, (b) dry beads of MTD-Chi, and (c–e) dry beads of MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite. TEM images of (f) pristine GO and (g, h) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads.
Figure 4
Figure 4
EDS mapping, including (a) C, (b) N, (c) O, (d) Na, and (e) elements of the MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads.
Figure 5
Figure 5
N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm of (a) Chi/GO and (b) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite beads.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Digital photograph showing bionanocomposite beads of the (a and e) pure wet and dry chitosan beads, (b and f) MTD-Chi wet and dry beads, (c and g) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite wet and dry beads, and (d and h) MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite wet and dry beads with scale measurements.
Figure 7
Figure 7
(a) Absorbance curve and (b) calibration curve of MTD in 0.5M NaOH solution.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Drug release of pure MTD at (a) pH 1.2 and (b) pH 7.4. (c) Drug release from MC6, MC8, MCG12, and MCG16 at pH 1.2 for 12 h (d) and at pH 7.4 for 12 h. Drug release from MC6, MC8, MCG12, and MCG16 at (e) pH 1.2 for 84 h and (f) pH 7.4 for 84h.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Schematic drug release diagram of the MTD-Chi/GO bionanocomposite.
Scheme 1
Scheme 1. Illustration of the Steps Involved in the Preparation of the MTD-Chi/GO Bionanocomposite Beads
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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