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. 2021 Aug 16;15(8):e0009617.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009617. eCollection 2021 Aug.

Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination

Philip P Mshelbwala  1   2 , J Scott Weese  3 , Olufunmilayo A Sanni-Adeniyi  4 , Shovon Chakma  1 , Stephen S Okeme  5 , Abdullah A Mamun  6 , Charles E Rupprecht  7 , R J Soares Magalhaes  1   8
Affiliations

Rabies epidemiology, prevention and control in Nigeria: Scoping progress towards elimination

Philip P Mshelbwala et al. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Human rabies remains a significant public health problem in Africa with outbreaks reported in most countries. In Nigeria-the most populous country in Africa-rabies causes a significant public health burden partly due to perennial obstacles to implementing a national prevention and control program.

Methods: We conducted a scoping review using standard Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify and select published articles from Nigeria during 1978-2020 reporting on rabies virus infections (human, canine, livestock, and wildlife), canine bites, knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) surveys on rabies and canine ecology studies. We extracted information on study location, year and additional details of each study such as rabies prevalence, general characteristics of offending dogs, dog vaccination status and health-seeking behaviours.

Findings: Between 1978 and 2020, 90 published articles met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of rabies virus antigen detection varied between 3% and 28%, with more studies in the north. Most bites were unprovoked from dog bite studies (36.4%-97%), by dogs with low vaccination rates (12-38%). A more significant proportion of biting dogs were owned (31-90%). Laboratory confirmation for biting was available for only a small proportion of studies (6%; n = 2/32). Of the dogs surveyed during ecology studies, indigenous dogs accounted for the majority (62-98%), used mostly for security purposes (52-98%), with the vaccination rate between 15% and 38% in most states. Studies conducted in areas distant from rabies diagnostic facilities accounted for more human rabies cases and fewer dog rabies cases.

Conclusion: Significant improvements are necessary to achieve the elimination of human rabies mediated via dogs by 2030.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Search and selection strategies based on PRISMA guidelines.
Fig 2
Fig 2
Number of selected studies by year and type between 1978 and 2020.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Spatial distribution selected dog bite and dog rabies studies across Nigerian states.
The map was created using ArcMap software (ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, U.S.A.). The shapefile was retrieved from DIVA- GIS (https://www.diva-gis.org/).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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