Acute Kidney Injury in Obstetric Patients

Abstract

Obstetric-related acute kidney injury (obstetric AKI) is an important and complex public health problem; its early recognition and proper treatment are key in preventing maternal and fetal adverse outcomes. While the incidence of obstetric AKI has drastically declined in some developing countries due to reduction of sepsis-related causes, the opposite has been observed in other developed nations in the last decade due to advanced maternal age and the presence of comorbidities. The diagnosis of obstetric AKI has been made difficult by the physiologic decrease in serum creatinine of pregnancy as well as the absence of a uniform definition for AKI in this population. The most common causes of obstetric AKI include pre-renal etiologies such as hyperemesis gravidarum and post-abortal sepsis, intra-renal causes which comprise the thrombotic microangiopathies (preeclampsia/HELLP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, pregnancy associated-hemolytic uremic syndrome, lupus nephritis), and post-renal causes due to obstruction from kidney stones or iatrogenic injuries during delivery. A kidney biopsy is rarely required and should be reserved for cases where the diagnosis will change management, preferably before the third trimester. A multidisciplinary approach with the maternal-fetal-medicine specialist and nephrologist, along with the intensivist and hematologist may be needed. In this review, we will present the latest updates on the global epidemiology, focus on the most challenging thrombotic microangiopathy diagnoses, summarize treatment recommendations, and delineate the ongoing challenges as well as novel strategies to tackle this public health burden which does not seem to be disappearing.