Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)

Christopher D Barratt^{1

2}, Jack D Lester², Paolo Gratton^{2

3}, Renske E Onstein¹, Ammie K Kalan², Maureen S McCarthy², Gaëlle Bocksberger², Lauren C White², Linda Vigilant², Paula Dieguez², Barrie Abdulai⁴, Thierry Aebischer⁵, Anthony Agbor⁶, Alfred K Assumang⁷, Emma Bailey², Mattia Bessone², Bartelijntje Buys⁸, Joana S Carvalho⁹, Rebecca Chancellor¹⁰, Heather Cohen², Emmanuel Danquah⁷, Tobias Deschner², Zacharie N Dongmo¹¹, Osiris A Doumbé¹², Jef Dupain¹³, Chris S Duvall¹⁴, Manasseh Eno-Nku¹¹, Gilles Etoga¹¹, Anh Galat-Luong¹⁵, Rosa Garriga¹⁶, Sylvain Gatti¹⁷, Andrea Ghiurghi¹⁸, Annemarie Goedmakers⁸, Anne-Céline Granjon², Dismas Hakizimana¹⁹, Josephine Head², Daniela Hedwig²⁰, Ilka Herbinger²¹, Veerle Hermans^{22

23}, Sorrel Jones², Jessica Junker¹, Parag Kadam²⁴, Mohamed Kambi², Ivonne Kienast², Célestin Y Kouakou²⁵, Kouamé P N Goran¹¹, Kevin E Langergraber^{26

27}, Juan Lapuente^{2

28}, Anne Laudisoit^{29

30}, Kevin C Lee^{2

26}, Fiona Maisels^{31

32}, Nadia Mirghani³³, Deborah Moore³⁴, Bethan Morgan^{32

35

36}, David Morgan³⁷, Emily Neil², Sonia Nicholl², Louis Nkembi³⁸, Anne Ntongho¹¹, Christopher Orbell³⁹, Lucy Jayne Ormsby², Liliana Pacheco⁴⁰, Alex K Piel⁴¹, Lilian Pintea⁴², Andrew J Plumptre⁴³, Aaron Rundus⁴⁴, Crickette Sanz^{45

46}, Volker Sommer^{41

47}, Tenekwetche Sop^{1

2}, Fiona A Stewart^{9

46}, Jacqueline Sunderland-Groves⁴⁸, Nikki Tagg²³, Angelique Todd⁴⁹, Els Ton⁸, Joost van Schijndel⁸, Hilde VanLeeuwe³¹, Elleni Vendras², Adam Welsh², José F C Wenceslau⁸, Erin G Wessling⁵⁰, Jacob Willie²³, Roman M Wittig^{2

22}, Nakashima Yoshihiro⁵¹, Yisa Ginath Yuh^{2

52}, Kyle Yurkiw^{2

53}, Christophe Boesch², Mimi Arandjelovic², Hjalmar Kühl^{1

2}

Affiliations

¹ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
² Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
³ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy.
⁴ Research for Evidence-based and Achievable Decisions Sierra Leone (READ-SL), Sierra Leone.
⁵ Conservation et Plan d'aménagement de l'Aire de Conservation de Chinko, African Parks Network, Chinko Project, Kocho, RCA and active collaborator of the University of Fribourg, WegmannLab, Fribourg, Switzerland.
⁶ African Parks Centurion Building, Lonehill, South Africa.
⁷ Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁸ Chimbo Foundation, Oudemirdum, Netherlands.
⁹ School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁰ Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹¹ World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon.
¹² Sekakoh Organization, Bafoussam, Cameroon.
¹³ Antwerp Zoo Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium.
¹⁴ Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
¹⁵ IRD (The French National Research Institute for Development), France.
¹⁶ Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
¹⁷ West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA), Accra, Ghana.
¹⁸ Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy.
¹⁹ Department of Biology, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi.
²⁰ Elephant Listening Project, Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
²¹ WWF Germany, Berlin, Germany.
²² Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
²³ Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium.
²⁴ Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁵ Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory Coast.
²⁶ School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
²⁷ Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
²⁸ Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Ivory Coast.
²⁹ Ecohealth Alliance, New York City, New York, USA.
³⁰ Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
³¹ Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bronx, New York, USA.
³² Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
³³ Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal.
³⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
³⁵ San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, USA.
³⁶ Ebo Forest Research Project, Yaounde, Cameroon.
³⁷ Lester E Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
³⁸ Environment and Rural Development Foundation, Buea, Cameroon.
³⁹ Panthera, New York City, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ WARA Conservation Project - GALF, Guinea.
⁴¹ Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK.
⁴² The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, Virginia, USA.
⁴³ Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁴⁶ Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
⁴⁷ Gashaka Primate Project, Serti, Taraba State, Nigeria.
⁴⁸ Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴⁹ WWF-CAR, Bangui, Central African Republic.
⁵⁰ Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵¹ College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
⁵² Department of Geography, Planning and Environmental Studies, University of Concordia, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵³ Pan Verus Project, Outamba-Kilimi National Park, Sierra Leone.

PMID: 34402081
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23320

Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)

Christopher D Barratt et al. Am J Primatol. 2021 Oct.

. 2021 Oct;83(10):e23320.

doi: 10.1002/ajp.23320. Epub 2021 Aug 16.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
² Department of Primatology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
³ Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Roma, Italy.
⁴ Research for Evidence-based and Achievable Decisions Sierra Leone (READ-SL), Sierra Leone.
⁵ Conservation et Plan d'aménagement de l'Aire de Conservation de Chinko, African Parks Network, Chinko Project, Kocho, RCA and active collaborator of the University of Fribourg, WegmannLab, Fribourg, Switzerland.
⁶ African Parks Centurion Building, Lonehill, South Africa.
⁷ Department of Wildlife and Range Management, Faculty of Renewable Natural Resources, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.
⁸ Chimbo Foundation, Oudemirdum, Netherlands.
⁹ School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
¹⁰ Departments of Anthropology & Sociology and Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.
¹¹ World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House Bastos, Yaounde, Cameroon.
¹² Sekakoh Organization, Bafoussam, Cameroon.
¹³ Antwerp Zoo Foundation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium.
¹⁴ Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA.
¹⁵ IRD (The French National Research Institute for Development), France.
¹⁶ Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone.
¹⁷ West African Primate Conservation Action (WAPCA), Accra, Ghana.
¹⁸ Independent Researcher, Rome, Italy.
¹⁹ Department of Biology, University of Burundi, Bujumbura, Burundi.
²⁰ Elephant Listening Project, Center for Conservation Bioacoustics, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
²¹ WWF Germany, Berlin, Germany.
²² Taï Chimpanzee Project, CSRS, Abidjan, Ivory Coast.
²³ Centre for Research and Conservation, Antwerp Zoo Society, Antwerpen, Belgium.
²⁴ Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
²⁵ Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Ivory Coast.
²⁶ School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
²⁷ Institute of Human Origins, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
²⁸ Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project, Comoé National Park, Kakpin, Ivory Coast.
²⁹ Ecohealth Alliance, New York City, New York, USA.
³⁰ Department of Biology, Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
³¹ Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Bronx, New York, USA.
³² Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
³³ Jane Goodall Institute Spain and Senegal, Dindefelo Biological Station, Dindefelo, Kedougou, Senegal.
³⁴ Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
³⁵ San Diego Zoo Global, Escondido, California, USA.
³⁶ Ebo Forest Research Project, Yaounde, Cameroon.
³⁷ Lester E Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
³⁸ Environment and Rural Development Foundation, Buea, Cameroon.
³⁹ Panthera, New York City, New York, USA.
⁴⁰ WARA Conservation Project - GALF, Guinea.
⁴¹ Department of Anthropology, University College London, London, UK.
⁴² The Jane Goodall Institute, Vienna, Virginia, USA.
⁴³ Key Biodiversity Area Secretariat, c/o BirdLife International, Cambridge, UK.
⁴⁴ Department of Psychology, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania, USA.
⁴⁵ Department of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA.
⁴⁶ Wildlife Conservation Society, Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.
⁴⁷ Gashaka Primate Project, Serti, Taraba State, Nigeria.
⁴⁸ Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
⁴⁹ WWF-CAR, Bangui, Central African Republic.
⁵⁰ Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
⁵¹ College of Bioresource Science, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan.
⁵² Department of Geography, Planning and Environmental Studies, University of Concordia, Montréal, Quebec, Canada.
⁵³ Pan Verus Project, Outamba-Kilimi National Park, Sierra Leone.

PMID: 34402081
DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23320

Abstract

Paleoclimate reconstructions have enhanced our understanding of how past climates have shaped present-day biodiversity. We hypothesize that the geographic extent of Pleistocene forest refugia and suitable habitat fluctuated significantly in time during the late Quaternary for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Using bioclimatic variables representing monthly temperature and precipitation estimates, past human population density data, and an extensive database of georeferenced presence points, we built a model of changing habitat suitability for chimpanzees at fine spatio-temporal scales dating back to the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP). Our models cover a spatial resolution of 0.0467° (approximately 5.19 km² grid cells) and a temporal resolution of between 1000 and 4000 years. Using our model, we mapped habitat stability over time using three approaches, comparing our modeled stability estimates to existing knowledge of Afrotropical refugia, as well as contemporary patterns of major keystone tropical food resources used by chimpanzees, figs (Moraceae), and palms (Arecacae). Results show habitat stability congruent with known glacial refugia across Africa, suggesting their extents may have been underestimated for chimpanzees, with potentially up to approximately 60,000 km² of previously unrecognized glacial refugia. The refugia we highlight coincide with higher species richness for figs and palms. Our results provide spatio-temporally explicit insights into the role of refugia across the chimpanzee range, forming the empirical foundation for developing and testing hypotheses about behavioral, ecological, and genetic diversity with additional data. This methodology can be applied to other species and geographic areas when sufficient data are available.

Keywords: Africa; diversification; ensemble; paleoclimate; species distribution modeling.

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References

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Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)

Affiliations

Quantitative estimates of glacial refugia for chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) since the Last Interglacial (120,000 BP)

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

References

REFERENCES

Publication types

MeSH terms