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Review
. 2021 Sep;48(3):677-688.
doi: 10.1016/j.ogc.2021.05.018.

Neuromodulation

Karen Noblett  1 , Carly Crowder  2
Affiliations
Review

Neuromodulation

Karen Noblett et al. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2021 Sep.

Abstract

Sacral neuromodulation (SNM) has been available in the United States for more than 20 years and is a guideline-recommended therapy by both the American Urological Association and the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, with proven long-term success for urinary urgency incontinence, urinary urgency frequency, nonobstructive urinary retention, and fecal incontinence. Initially the therapy involved a more invasive surgical approach that included a large cut down over the sacrum. This article reviews recent advancements in SNM therapy including updates in best practices for implant technique, technological innovations, and the new clinical literature relevant to contemporary practice.

Keywords: Axonics; Fecal incontinence; InterStim; Sacral neuromodulation; Urinary retention; Urinary urgency incontinence.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosure K. Noblett: Chief Medical Officer, Axonics Modulation Technologies. C. Crowder: no affiliations or disclosures.