Physical distancing is related to fewer electronic and in-person contacts and to increased loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic among older Europeans

Abstract

Purpose: During the COVID-19 pandemic older adults are asked to maintain physical distancing, which can be linked to loneliness. While older people are encouraged to use electronic communication to stay socially connected, it remains an open question whether electronic contacts are related to lower loneliness during the pandemic. This study examined the associations of physical distancing during the pandemic with loneliness and the role of in-person and electronic contacts with children and non-kin as explaining these associations across European regions.

Methods: The study used data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), collected during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. Mediation and moderation analyses tested the direct and indirect associations between physical distancing, contact frequency and loneliness, as well as the differences across European regions.

Results: The results indicate that adults who reported higher frequency of physical distancing also felt lonelier during the pandemic. This association was partly explained by social contacts-those who practiced physical distancing maintained less in-person contact with children and non-kin and less electronic contact with non-kin, which were related to feeling lonelier. Adults in Southern European countries felt lonelier and reported more frequent contacts. The moderation analyses showed that the link between physical distancing and loneliness was found in the northern region, but not in the southern and eastern regions of Europe.

Conclusion: This study can indicate that attention should be paid to adults who may struggle to maintain social contacts in light of physical distancing guidelines.

Keywords: Friends; Loneliness; Online; Phone; Social contacts.

Fig. 1

Regular logistic regression depicting the beta coefficient of the direct effect (path c) without mediators (A); and a multiple mediator model—(B) depicting the beta coefficients of the direct effect with mediators (path cʹ) and the indirect effects (paths a and b) of physical distancing on loneliness via the four mediators (In-person contact with children; electronic contact with children; in-person contact with non-kin; Electronic contact with non-kin), controlling for covariates. **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001