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. 2021 Aug 2:8:672513.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.672513. eCollection 2021.

Non-lactational Infectious Mastitis in the Americas: A Systematic Review

Victor Costa Morais Oliveira  1   2   3 , Nadia Cubas-Vega  1   3 , Paola López Del-Tejo  1   3 , Djane C Baía-da-Silva  1   3 , Michel Araújo Tavares  4 , Izabella Picinin Safe  1 , Marcelo Cordeiro-Santos  1   3   5 , Marcus Vinícius Guimarães Lacerda  1   3   6 , Fernando Val  1   3
Affiliations

Non-lactational Infectious Mastitis in the Americas: A Systematic Review

Victor Costa Morais Oliveira et al. Front Med (Lausanne). .

Abstract

Background: Non-lactational infectious mastitis (NLIM) is an inflammatory breast disease with broad clinical presentation. Inadequate treatment can lead to chronic infections that cause breast deformities. NLIM information is limited, especially in the Americas. A systematic review and meta-analysis have been conducted here. Methods: Literature search was conducted in three databases (Lilacs, PubMed, and Scielo) on NLIM cases in the Americas. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical, radiological, and laboratory data were extracted. The main characteristics and results were also compared according to the country's gross national income. Results: A total of 47 articles were included, resulting in 93 cases. The etiological agent was described in 86 (92.5%) patients. Bacteria were the most prevalent etiology (73; 84.8%). Amongst bacterial diagnoses, more frequent cases were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (28; 38.4%); Corynebacterium spp. (15; 20.5%); non-tuberculous mycobacteria (13; 17.8%). The cases were reported in eight different countries, with the USA being the country with the highest number of cases (35; 37.6%). Patients from high-income countries group presented a shorter diagnostic time when compared to low, low-middle, and upper-middle-income countries. A greater number of radiographic studies with pathological findings were described in high-income countries. Conclusion: Non-lactational infectious mastitis is a complex public health problem with diagnostic and treatment challenges. Hence, multi-professional approach-based additional studies are recommended on its epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control.

Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis; clinical mastitis; epidemiology; granulomatous mastitis; non-lactational mastitis.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the inclusion of case reports on non-lactational infectious mastitis in studies from the American continent.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The prevalence of non-lactational infectious mastitis in American countries and the register of etiological infection agents.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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