Recreational behaviour, risk perceptions, and protective practices against ticks: a cross-sectional comparative study before and during the lockdown enforced by the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania

Abstract

Background: Gaining insight into the risk perceptions and the knowledge evolution of the public about emerging or changing health risks is vital for the improvement of health promotion activities. Currently, scientific evidence regarding the attitudes of the Romanian public towards ticks is scanty. This study aimed to identify how the lockdown enforced by the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania impacted the recreational behaviour, risk perceptions, and protective practices of the Romanian population regarding ticks.

Methods: A cross-sectional, nationwide web-based questionnaire was designed and distributed via social media to evaluate if, and how, the COVID-19 lockdown impacted the behaviour of the Romanian public concerning ticks. The survey was available online from 6 May until 15 May 2020, which marked the last day of the travel ban in Romania. The collected data were processed by applying both uni- and multivariate methods.

Results: Respondents reported a higher frequency of finding ticks on themselves and their dogs during the lockdown. Bathing/showering and checking the body for ticks were the two most used protective behaviours both before and during the lockdown. Nevertheless, an overall lower usage rate of protective measures was registered during the lockdown. Almost all dog owners used a form of ectoparasite control for their dogs, and only three stopped due to lockdown-associated reasons. Respondent characteristics that were found to be positively associated with risk perceptions were being female and living in peri-urban/suburban/rural environments.

Conclusions: Despite spending less time outdoors during the lockdown, more respondents reported finding ticks on themselves or their dogs. Changes in the preferences for recreational locations, rates of protective practices usage, amount of time spent in specific areas, or tick seasonal activity might have contributed to this outcome. Concerning risk groups, men of all ages, senior citizens, and rural inhabitants should be targeted by the relevant Romanian authorities when promoting local or nationwide tick awareness campaigns.

Keywords: COVID-19 lockdown; Protective practices; Questionnaire; Recreational behaviour; Risk perceptions; Ticks.

Fig. 1

The timeline of the movement restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic in Romania and online availability of the questionnaire during 2020

Fig. 2

Amount of time (%) and location type respondents frequented (a) before and (b) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Romania

Fig. 3

Amount of time (%) and location type where owners walked their dogs (a) before and (b) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Romania

Fig. 4

Share (%) of respondents using different protective measures against ticks (a) before and (b) during the COVID-19 lockdown in Romania

Fig. 5

Ectoparasite control methods (%) used by owners for their dogs. Other ectoparasite control options include sprays and essential oils