Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

Jolien A van Breen¹, Maja Kutlaca², Yasin Koç³, Bertus F Jeronimus³, Anne Margit Reitsema³, Veljko Jovanović⁴, Maximilian Agostini³, Jocelyn J Bélanger⁵, Ben Gützkow³, Jannis Kreienkamp³, Georgios Abakoumkin⁶, Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom⁷, Vjollca Ahmedi⁸, Handan Akkas⁹, Carlos A Almenara¹⁰, Mohsin Atta¹¹, Sabahat Cigdem Bagci¹², Sima Basel⁵, Edona Berisha Kida⁸, Allan B I Bernardo¹³, Nicholas R Buttrick¹⁴, Phatthanakit Chobthamkit¹⁵, Hoon-Seok Choi¹⁶, Mioara Cristea¹⁷, Sára Csaba¹⁸, Kaja Damnjanovic¹⁹, Ivan Danyliuk²⁰, Arobindu Dash²¹, Daniela Di Santo²², Karen M Douglas²³, Violeta Enea²⁴, Daiane Gracieli Faller⁵, Gavan Fitzsimons²⁵, Alexandra Gheorghiu²⁴, Ángel Gómez²⁶, Ali Hamaidia²⁷, Qing Han²⁸, Mai Helmy²⁹, Joevarian Hudiyana³⁰, Ding-Yu Jiang³¹, Željka Kamenov³², Anna Kende¹⁸, Shian-Ling Keng³³, Tra Thi Thanh Kieu³⁴, Kamila Kovyazina³⁵, Inna Kozytska²⁰, Joshua Krause³, Arie W Kruglanski³⁶, Anton Kurapov²⁰, Nóra Anna Lantos¹⁸, Edward P Lemay Jr³⁶, Cokorda Bagus Jaya Lesmana³⁷, Winnifred R Louis³⁸, Adrian Lueders³⁹, Najma Iqbal Malik¹¹, Anton Martinez⁴⁰, Kira McCabe⁴¹, Jasmina Mehulić³², Mirra Noor Milla³⁰, Idris Mohammed⁴², Erica Molinario³⁶, Manuel Moyano⁴³, Hayat Muhammad⁴⁴, Silvana Mula²², Hamdi Muluk³⁰, Solomiia Myroniuk³, Reza Najafi⁴⁵, Claudia F Nisa⁵, Boglárka Nyúl¹⁸, Paul A O'Keefe³³, Jose Javier Olivas Osuna²⁶, Evgeny N Osin⁴⁶, Joonha Park⁴⁷, Gennaro Pica⁴⁸, Antonio Pierro²², Jonas Rees⁴⁹, Elena Resta²², Marika Rullo⁵⁰, Michelle K Ryan^{3

51}, Adil Samekin⁵², Pekka Santtila⁵³, Edyta Sasin⁵, Birga Mareen Schumpe⁵⁴, Heyla A Selim⁵⁵, Michael Vicente Stanton⁵⁶, Samiah Sultana³, Robbie M Sutton²³, Eleftheria Tseliou⁶, Akira Utsugi⁵⁷, Caspar J van Lissa⁵⁸, Kees van Veen³, Michelle R vanDellen⁵⁹, Alexandra Vázquez²⁶, Robin Wollast³⁹, Victoria Wai-Lan Yeung⁶⁰, Somayeh Zand⁴⁵, Iris Lav Žeželj¹⁹, Bang Zheng⁶¹, Andreas Zick⁴⁹, Claudia Zúñiga⁶², N Pontus Leander³

Affiliations

¹ Leiden University, The Netherlands.
² Durham University, UK.
³ University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁴ University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
⁵ New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
⁷ International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁸ Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo.
⁹ Ankara Science University, Turkey.
¹⁰ Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
¹¹ University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
¹² Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³ De la Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁴ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
¹⁵ Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁶ Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁷ Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁸ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ University of Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁰ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine.
²¹ International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh.
²² La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
²³ University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
²⁴ Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania.
²⁵ Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain.
²⁷ Setif 2 University, Sétif, Algeria.
²⁸ University of Bristol, UK.
²⁹ Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
³⁰ Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
³¹ National Chung Cheng University, ROC.
³² University of Zagreb, Croatia.
³³ Yale-NUS College, Singapore.
³⁴ Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vietnam.
³⁵ Independent Researcher, Kazakhstan.
³⁶ University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
³⁷ Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
³⁸ The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
³⁹ Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁴⁰ The University of Sheffield, UK.
⁴¹ Carleton University, Ottowa, ON, Canada.
⁴² Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
⁴³ University of Cordoba, Spain.
⁴⁴ University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
⁴⁵ Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran.
⁴⁶ HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁷ NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan.
⁴⁸ University of Camerino, Italy.
⁴⁹ Bielefeld University, Germany.
⁵⁰ University of Siena, Arezzo, Italy.
⁵¹ University of Exeter, UK.
⁵² M. NARIKBAYEV KAZGUU UNIVERSITY, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
⁵³ New York University Shanghai, China.
⁵⁴ University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵⁵ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵⁶ California State University, East Bay, Hayward, USA.
⁵⁷ Nagoya University, Japan.
⁵⁸ Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
⁵⁹ University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
⁶⁰ Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
⁶¹ Imperial College London, UK.
⁶² Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

PMID: 34433352
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211036602

Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

Jolien A van Breen et al. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2022 Sep.

. 2022 Sep;48(9):1315-1330.

doi: 10.1177/01461672211036602. Epub 2021 Aug 25.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Leiden University, The Netherlands.
² Durham University, UK.
³ University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
⁴ University of Novi Sad, Serbia.
⁵ New York University Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
⁶ University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece.
⁷ International Islamic University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
⁸ Pristine University, Pristina, Kosovo.
⁹ Ankara Science University, Turkey.
¹⁰ Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru.
¹¹ University of Sargodha, Pakistan.
¹² Sabancı University, Istanbul, Turkey.
¹³ De la Salle University, Manila, Philippines.
¹⁴ University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA.
¹⁵ Thammasat University, Bangkok, Thailand.
¹⁶ Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹⁷ Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK.
¹⁸ ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ University of Belgrade, Serbia.
²⁰ Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine.
²¹ International University of Business Agriculture and Technology, Bangladesh.
²² La Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
²³ University of Kent, Canterbury, UK.
²⁴ Alexandru Ioan Cuza University, Iasi, Romania.
²⁵ Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
²⁶ Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain.
²⁷ Setif 2 University, Sétif, Algeria.
²⁸ University of Bristol, UK.
²⁹ Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt.
³⁰ Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia.
³¹ National Chung Cheng University, ROC.
³² University of Zagreb, Croatia.
³³ Yale-NUS College, Singapore.
³⁴ Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, Vietnam.
³⁵ Independent Researcher, Kazakhstan.
³⁶ University of Maryland, College Park, USA.
³⁷ Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia.
³⁸ The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
³⁹ Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
⁴⁰ The University of Sheffield, UK.
⁴¹ Carleton University, Ottowa, ON, Canada.
⁴² Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria.
⁴³ University of Cordoba, Spain.
⁴⁴ University of Peshawar, Pakistan.
⁴⁵ Islamic Azad University, Rasht Branch, Iran.
⁴⁶ HSE University, Moscow, Russia.
⁴⁷ NUCB Business School, Nagoya, Japan.
⁴⁸ University of Camerino, Italy.
⁴⁹ Bielefeld University, Germany.
⁵⁰ University of Siena, Arezzo, Italy.
⁵¹ University of Exeter, UK.
⁵² M. NARIKBAYEV KAZGUU UNIVERSITY, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan.
⁵³ New York University Shanghai, China.
⁵⁴ University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁵⁵ King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁵⁶ California State University, East Bay, Hayward, USA.
⁵⁷ Nagoya University, Japan.
⁵⁸ Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
⁵⁹ University of Georgia, Athens, USA.
⁶⁰ Lingnan University, Hong Kong.
⁶¹ Imperial College London, UK.
⁶² Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.

PMID: 34433352
DOI: 10.1177/01461672211036602

Abstract

We examine how social contacts and feelings of solidarity shape experiences of loneliness during the COVID-19 lockdown in early 2020. From the PsyCorona database, we obtained longitudinal data from 23 countries, collected between March and May 2020. The results demonstrated that although online contacts help to reduce feelings of loneliness, people who feel more lonely are less likely to use that strategy. Solidarity played only a small role in shaping feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Thus, it seems we must look beyond the current focus on online contact and solidarity to help people address feelings of loneliness during lockdown. Finally, online contacts did not function as a substitute for face-to-face contacts outside the home-in fact, more frequent online contact in earlier weeks predicted more frequent face-to-face contacts in later weeks. As such, this work provides relevant insights into how individuals manage the impact of restrictions on their social lives.

Keywords: COVID-19; loneliness; longitudinal methodology; online communication; solidarity.

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Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

Affiliations

Lockdown Lives: A Longitudinal Study of Inter-Relationships Among Feelings of Loneliness, Social Contacts, and Solidarity During the COVID-19 Lockdown in Early 2020

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Publication types

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Research Materials