Biologically Active Extracts from Different Medicinal Plants Tested as Potential Additives against Bee Pathogens

Abstract

Honey bees (Apis mellifera) perform pollination service for many agricultural crops and contribute to the global economy in agriculture and bee products. However, honey bee health is an ongoing concern, as illustrated by persistent local population decline, caused by some severe bee diseases (e.g., nosemosis, AFB, EFB, chalkbrood). Three natural recipes are in development based on the bioactive compounds of different plants extract (Agastache foeniculum, Artemisia absinthium, Evernia prunastri, Humulus lupulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare and Vaccinium myrtillus), characterised by HPLC-PDA. The antimicrobial activity of these recipes was tested in vitro against Paenibacillus larvae, Paenibacillus alvei, Brevibacillus laterosporus, Enterococcus faecalis, Ascosphaera apis and in vivo against Nosema ceranae. A mix of 20% blueberry, 40% absinthium, 10% oakmoss, 10% oregano, 10% Brewers Gold hops, 5% bay laurel and 5% anise hyssop extract showed the strongest antibacterial and antifungal activity. Combing several highly active plant extracts might be an alternative treatment against bee-disease-associated parasites and pathogens, in particular to replace synthetic antibiotics.

Keywords: American foulbrood; Nosema ceranae; alternative treatment; bee diseases; chalkbrood; natural antibiotics.

Figure 1

Chromatogram of identified polyphenolic compounds detected in extracts of Laurus nobilis (1-p-OH-benzoic acid; 2-syringic acid; 3-epicatechina; 4-rutin; 5-isoquercitrin; 6-quercetin; 7-kaempferol).

Figure 2

Chromatogram of identified polyphenolic compounds detected in extracts of Origanum vulgare (1-p-OH-benzoic acid; 2-vitexin 2-O-rhamnoside; 3-sinapic acid; 4-isoquercitrin; 5-rosmarinic acid; 6-resveratrol; 7-apigenin).