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Review
. 2021 Jul 27;9(8):900.
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9080900.

Long-Term Impact of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis

Diana C Sanchez-Ramirez  1 , Kaylene Normand  1 , Yang Zhaoyun  2 , Rodrigo Torres-Castro  3
Affiliations
Review

Long-Term Impact of COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-Analysis

Diana C Sanchez-Ramirez et al. Biomedicines. .

Abstract

Background: The long-term impact of COVID-19 is still unknown. This study aimed to explore post COVID-19 effects on patients chest computed tomography (CT), lung function, respiratory symptoms, fatigue, functional capacity, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), and the ability to return to work beyond 3 months post infection.

Methods: A systematic search was performed on PubMed, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE on 22 May 2021, to identify studies that reported persistent effects of COVID-19 beyond 3 months follow-up. Data on the proportion of patients who had the outcome were collected and analyzed using a one-group meta-analysis.

Results: Data were extracted from 24 articles that presented information on a total of 5323 adults, post-infection, between 3 to 6 months after symptom onset or hospital discharge. The pooled prevalence of CT abnormalities was 59% (95% CI 44-73, I2 = 96%), abnormal lung function was 39% (95% CI 24-55, I2 = 94%), fatigue was 38% (95% CI 27-49, I2 = 98%), dyspnea was 32% (95% CI 24-40, I2 = 98%), chest paint/tightness was 16% (95% CI 12-21, I2 = 94%), and cough was 13%, (95% CI 9-17, I2 = 94%). Decreased functional capacity and HRQoL were found in 36% (95% CI 22-49, I2 = 97%) and 52% (95% CI 33-71, I2 = 94%), respectively. On average, 8 out of 10 of the patients had returned to work or reported no work impairment.

Conclusion: Post-COVID-19 patients may experience persistent respiratory symptoms, fatigue, decreased functional capacity and decreased quality of life up to 6 months after infection. Further studies are needed to establish the extent to which post-COVID-19 effects continue beyond 6 months, how they interact with each other, and to clarify their causes and their effective management.

Keywords: COVID-19; fatigue; follow-up; functional capacity; long-term effects; lung function; persistent symptoms; quality of life; respiratory symptoms.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Diagram flow of studies screened and included in the review and meta-analysis.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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