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. 2021 Aug 10;14(16):4473.
doi: 10.3390/ma14164473.

Texturing and Phase Evolution in Ti-6Al-4V: Effect of Electron Beam Melting Process, Powder Re-Using, and HIP Treatment

Vladimir V Popov  1 , Mikhail L Lobanov  2 , Stepan I Stepanov  2 , Yuanshen Qi  3   4 , Gary Muller-Kamskii  1   2 , Elena N Popova  5 , Alexander Katz-Demyanetz  1 , Artemiy A Popov  2
Affiliations

Texturing and Phase Evolution in Ti-6Al-4V: Effect of Electron Beam Melting Process, Powder Re-Using, and HIP Treatment

Vladimir V Popov et al. Materials (Basel). .

Abstract

The research demonstrates microstructural changes and development of specific texture in Ti-6Al-4V specimens produced by electron beam melting (EBM) under different conditions. The effect of two factors, namely, raw material (powder) recycling and hot isostatic pressing (HIP), on the EBM produced samples structure and properties, has been explored. The as-printed and treated samples were investigated using electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) analysis. Modification of mechanical properties after the EBM and HIP are explained by the EBSD data on microstructural phenomena and phase transformations. The work is devoted to assessing the possibility of reusing the residual titanium alloy powder for the manufacture of titanium components by the combination of EBM and HIP methods.

Keywords: EBSD; HIP; Ti-6Al-4V; electron beam melting; orientation relationship; powder recycling; texture inheritance.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow of processing and experiment: (a)—Ti-6Al-4V powder gas atomization; (b)—electron beam melting, where 1 stands for powder in hoppers; 2—high-power electron beam; 3—building platform; 4—additively manufactured cylindrical samples in powder bed; 5—focus and deflection coils; 6—cathode grid; (c)—powder recovery system (PRS) for cyclic use of the powder, where 1 stands for Ti-6Al-4V powder; 2—powder spray gun; 3—building platform; 4—semi-sintered powder bed with samples inside; (d)—hot isostatic pressing (HIP), where 1 stands for internal chamber of the HIP furnace; 2—heating elements; 3—container; 4—additively manufactured cylindrical samples.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Samples cutting for microhardness test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM micrographs of EBM manufactured Ti-6Al-4V samples with and without the HIP process: (a) S1, (b) S2, (c) S3, (d) S4.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Microstructure of the alloy after EBM and HIP in the form of orientation maps (EBSD): Left column—of α-phase maps in Z-direction with standard color key; Right column—phase map with α-phase (white), interphase and intergranular boundaries (black lines), β-phase is indicated (blue); (a,b) S1; (c,d) S2; (e,f) S3; (g,h) S4.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Spectra of grain boundaries by misorientation in the α-phase (left column) and deviations of interphase boundaries from Burgers OR (right column): (a,b)—S1; (c,d)—S2; (e,f)—S3; (g,h)—S4.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Pole figures <0001>, <11-20>, and <10-10> for α-phase (left column) and <100>, <110>, and <111> for β-phase (right column): (a,b) S1; (c,d) S2; (e,f) S3; (g,h) S4.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Vickers microhardness results for the four groups of the samples in selected planes.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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