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. 2021 Aug 24;13(1):1964277.
doi: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1964277. eCollection 2021.

Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin  1 , Lakshman Perera Samaranayake  2 , Hiroshi Egusa  3 , Hien Chi Ngo  4 , Siripen Pesee  5
Affiliations

Profuse diversity and acidogenicity of the candida-biome of deep carious lesions of Severe Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC)

Kausar Sadia Fakhruddin et al. J Oral Microbiol. .

Abstract

Introduction: The retentive niches of deep caries lesions have a distinct biome. Methods: We evaluated the site-specific (occlusal and proximal) Candida-biome of Severe-Early Childhood Caries (S-ECC) in 66- children (132 lesions). Asymptomatic primary molars fitting the definition of the International Caries Detection and Assessment-(ICDAS)-caries-code 5/6 were analyzed. Deep-dentinal sampling and simultaneous assessment of pH were performed. Clinical isolates were speciated using multiplex-PCR and evaluated for their acidogenic and aciduric potential.Results: Surprisingly, a high prevalence of Candida species (72.7%), either singly or in combination, was noted from both the proximal and occlusal cavities. C. tropicalis was the most prevalent species (47%; 34/72), followed by C. krusei (43.1%; 31/72) and C. albicans (40.3%; 29/72), with C. glabrata being the least (9.7%; 7/72). Over 45% low-pH niches (pH <7) of both sites yielded either dual or triple species of Candida. Genotyping revealed three distinct C. albicans genotypes (A, B, and C) with (14/29; 48.3%) of strains belonging to Genotype A. All four evaluated Candida species exhibited acidogenic and aciduric potential, C. tropicalis being the most potent.Conclusion: This, the first report of the high-density, multispecies, yeast colonization of deep-dentinal lesions in S-ECC, suggests that the Candida-biome plays a significant etiologic role in the condition, possibly due to their profound acidogenicity in milieus rich in dietary carbohydrates.

Keywords: Severe early childhood caries; candida species; cavitated lesions; habitat; s-ecc.

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Conflict of interest statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Prevalence of Candida in proximal and occlusal S-ECC categorized as per the pH of the lesions
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Candida species habitation at <pH 7 (acidic) and pH7 of deep-dentine caries lesions -ICDAS caries code 5 and 6
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Distribution of C. albicans (n = 29) genotypes (A, B and C) as single, dual, and mixed species at neutral pH 7 and acidic <pH 7 in occlusal and proximal -dentine caries lesions
Figure 4.
Figure 4.
In vitro acid production by a total of 35 isolates belonging to C. albicans (10 isolates), C. krusei (10) C. tropicalis (10) and C. glabrata (5) isolated from S-ECC samples, over a 48-hour period in 100 mM sucrose supplemented media
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