Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2021 Aug 4;21(16):5268.
doi: 10.3390/s21165268.

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Samuel Kingston  1 , Evan Benoit  1 , Ayobami S Edun  2 , Farhad Elyasichamazkoti  1 , Dawn E Sweeney  1 , Joel B Harley  2 , Paul K Kuhn  1 , Cynthia M Furse  1   3
Affiliations
Review

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Samuel Kingston et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Sequence time-domain reflectometry (STDR) and spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) detect, locate, and diagnose faults in live (energized) electrical systems. In this paper, we survey the present SSTDR literature for discussions on theory, algorithms used in its analysis, and its more prominent implementations and applications. Our review includes both scientific litera-ture and selected patents. We also discuss future applications of SSTDR.

Keywords: electrical test and measurement; reflectometry; sequence time-domain reflectometry (STDR); spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR); time-domain reflectometry (TDR).

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Cynthia M. Furse is a co-founder of Livewire Innovation, Inc., which is commercializing SSTDR technology, and therefore has a financial conflict of interest with this company.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
SSTDR process for incident signal, reflection, and cross correlation.
Figure 2
Figure 2
STDR (a–c) and SSTDR (d–f) signals. The incident signals (a portion of which are shown) are (a) STDR PN code and (d) SSTDR sine wave modulated PN code at 48 MHz. The resultant correlation is (b) STDR a triangle and (e) SSTDR triangle multiplied by a sinc. The frequency spectrum of the correlated signals in (b,e) are shown in (c,f).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Jones S.B., Wraith J.M., Or D. Time domain reflectometry measurement principles and applications. Hydrol. Process. 2002;16:141–153. doi: 10.1002/hyp.513. - DOI
    1. Hsue C.-W., Pan T.-W. Reconstruction of nonuniform transmission lines from time-domain reflectometry. IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech. 1997;45:32–38. doi: 10.1109/22.552029. - DOI
    1. Smith P., Furse C., Gunther J. Analysis of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry for wire fault location. IEEE Sens. J. 2005;5:1469–1478. doi: 10.1109/JSEN.2005.858964. - DOI
    1. Smith P.S. Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry. Utah State University; Logan, UT, USA: 2004.
    1. Furse C., Chung Y.C., Lo C., Pendayala P. A critical comparison of reflectometry methods for location of wiring faults. Smart Struct. Syst. 2006;2:25–46. doi: 10.12989/sss.2006.2.1.025. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources