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. 2021 Aug 3;10(8):980.
doi: 10.3390/pathogens10080980.

In Vitro Testing of Alternative Synthetic and Natural Antiparasitic Compounds against the Monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii

Ivona Mladineo  1 , Željka Trumbić  2 , Adrián Ormad-García  3 , Oswaldo Palenzuela  3 , Ariadna Sitjà-Bobadilla  3 , Simona Manuguerra  4 , Cristobal Espinosa Ruiz  4 , Concetta Maria Messina  4
Affiliations

In Vitro Testing of Alternative Synthetic and Natural Antiparasitic Compounds against the Monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii

Ivona Mladineo et al. Pathogens. .

Abstract

Gill monogenean Sparicotyle chrysophrii is considered the most detrimental fish parasite to the Mediterranean aquaculture. Treatment of sparicotylosis relies on frequent gill inspections correlated with the seasonal increase in seawater temperature, application of functional feeds, and treatments with formalin baths where permitted. While the latter is bound to be banned in Europe, other synthetic anthelminthics, such as praziquantel and ivermectin, are prone to induce resistance in the parasites. Therefore, we investigated, in vitro, 14 synthetic and natural compounds against adult S. chrysophrii, developing dose-response modelsm and estimated toxicity levels at 20%, 50%, and 80% parasite mortality. Bactericidal activity of target compounds was also tested in two important aquaculture bacteria; Vibrio harveyi and V. anguillarum, while their potential host toxicity was evaluated in gilthead seabream SAF-1 cell line. Synthetic compound bithionate sodium exerted the most potent toxicity against the monogenean, no host cytotoxicity, and a medium and high potency against two bacterial pathogens. In comparison, target natural compounds were approximately 20 (cedrol) or up to 154 times (camphor) less toxic for the monogenean. Rather than completely dismissing natural compounds, we suggest that their application in combination with synthetic drugs, especially if administered in the feed, might be useful in sparicotylosis treatment.

Keywords: Sparicotyle chrysophrii; anthelminthics; aquaculture; gilthead sea bream; monogenea.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Dose–response curves with 95% confidence intervals for Sparicotyle chrysophrii adults treated with synthetic and natural compounds. The Weibull type 2 model for binomial response was fitted using the drc package for R.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Cytotoxicity of SAF-1 cells exposed to different concentrations of natural and synthetic compounds (0.1–10 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Bars represent the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistically significant differences (ANOVA; p < 0.05) were denoted using different superscripts letters (a, b, ab, c, ac). BS: bithionate sodium, BT: bitoscanate; CAM: camphor; CED: cedrol; TCA: (+)-trans-chrysanthemic acid; CMR: coumarin; CRC: curcumin; and DS: diallyl sulfide.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Cytotoxicity of SAF-1 cells exposed to different concentrations of natural and synthetic compounds (0.1–10 µM) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Bars represent the mean ± SEM (n = 6). Statistically significant differences (ANOVA; p < 0.05) were denoted using different superscripts letters (a, b, ab, c, ac). NDT: N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide; EU: eucalyptol; GA: garlicin 80%; HEX: 4-hexylresorcinol; MON: monocrotaline; and PYR: pyrethrins 50%.
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