Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Jul 21;14(8):706.
doi: 10.3390/ph14080706.

Transcranial Focal Electrical Stimulation Modifies Biogenic Amines' Alterations Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rat Brain

Cesar Emmanuel Santana-Gómez  1 , Daniel Pérez-Pérez  2 , Daniel Fonseca-Barriendos  3 , Oscar Arias-Carrión  4 , Walter Besio  5 , Luisa Rocha  3
Affiliations

Transcranial Focal Electrical Stimulation Modifies Biogenic Amines' Alterations Induced by 6-Hydroxydopamine in Rat Brain

Cesar Emmanuel Santana-Gómez et al. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). .

Abstract

Transcranial focal stimulation (TFS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation strategy with neuroprotective effects. On the other hand, 6-hidroxidopamine (6-OHDA) induces neurodegeneration of the nigrostriatal system producing modifications in the dopaminergic, serotoninergic, and histaminergic systems. The present study was conducted to test whether repetitive application of TFS avoids the biogenic amines' changes induced by the intrastriatal injection of 6-OHDA. Experiments were designed to determine the tissue content of dopamine, serotonin, and histamine in the brain of animals injected with 6-OHDA and then receiving daily TFS for 21 days. Tissue content of biogenic amines was evaluated in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum, ipsi- and contralateral to the side of 6-OHDA injection. Results obtained were compared to animals with 6-OHDA, TFS alone, and a Sham group. The present study revealed that TFS did not avoid the changes in the tissue content of dopamine in striatum. However, TFS was able to avoid several of the changes induced by 6-OHDA in the tissue content of dopamine, serotonin, and histamine in the different brain areas evaluated. Interestingly, TFS alone did not induce significant changes in the different brain areas evaluated. The present study showed that repetitive TFS avoids the biogenic amines' changes induced by 6-OHDA. TFS can represent a new therapeutic strategy to avoid the neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA.

Keywords: 6-hidroxidopamine; dopamine; histamine; non-invasive neuromodulation; serotonin; transcranial focal stimulation.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Effects of TFS on the changes in dopamine tissue content induced by 6-OHDA in different brain areas. Tissue content ipsi- and contralateral to the toxin injection or vehicle is expressed as µM/mg of protein. Sham, animals with vehicle injection; TFS, animals receiving TFS daily for 21 days; 6OH, rats injected with 6-OHDA; 6-OH-TFS, animals receiving repetitive TFS after 6-OHDA injection. Data are expressed as mean ± standard error. * p < 0.05 vs Sham group; ** p < 0.01 vs Sham group; *** p < 0.001 vs Sham group; @ p < 0.05 vs 6-OHDA group; @@ p < 0.01 vs 6-OHDA group. The results obtained were analyzed with ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey test.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Effects of TFS on the changes in serotonin tissue content induced by 6-OHDA in different brain areas. Notations as in Figure 1. * p < 0.05 vs Sham group; ** p < 0.01 vs Sham group; *** p < 0.001 vs Sham group; **** p < 0.0001 vs Sham group; @ p < 0.05 vs 6-OHDA group; @@ p < 0.01 vs 6-OHDA group. The results obtained were analyzed with ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey test.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Effects of TFS on the changes of histamine tissue content induced by 6-OHDA in different brain areas. Notations as in Figure 1. * p < 0.05 vs Sham group; ** p < 0.01 vs Sham group; *** p < 0.001 vs Sham group; **** p < 0.0001 vs Sham group; @ p < 0.05 vs 6-OHDA group; @@ p < 0.01 vs 6-OHDA group; @@@ p < 0.001 vs 6-OHDA group. The results obtained were analyzed with ANOVA followed by the post hoc Tukey test.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Edwards C.A., Kouzani A., Lee K.H., Ross E.K. Neurostimulation Devices for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2017;92:1427–1444. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.05.005. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Vizcarra J.A., Situ-Kcomt M., Artusi C.A., Duker A.P., Lopiano L., Okun M.S., Espay A.J., Merola A. Subthalamic deep brain stimulation and levodopa in Parkinson’s disease: A meta-analysis of combined effects. J. Neurol. 2019;266:289–297. doi: 10.1007/s00415-018-8936-2. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Chang B., Xu J. Deep brain stimulation for refractory temporal lobe epilepsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis with an emphasis on alleviation of seizure frequency outcome. Childs. Nerv. Syst. 2018;34:321–327. doi: 10.1007/s00381-017-3596-6. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Dang T.T.H., Rowell D., Connelly L.B. Cost-Effectiveness of Deep Brain Stimulation With Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review. Mov. Disord. Clin. Pract. 2019;6:348–358. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12780. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Akazawa M., Konomura K., Shiroiwa T. Cost-Minimization Analysis of Deep-Brain Stimulation Using National Database of Japanese Health Insurance Claims. Neuromodulation. 2018;21:548–552. doi: 10.1111/ner.12782. - DOI - PubMed