Non-traditional implantable cardioverter-defibrillator configurations and insertion techniques: a review of contemporary options

Abstract

Implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs) have revolutionized the treatment of acquired or inherited cardiac diseases associated with a high risk of sudden cardiac death due to ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Contemporary ICD devices offer reliable arrhythmia detection and discrimination algorithms and deliver highly efficient tachytherapies. Percutaneously inserted transvenous defibrillator coils with pectoral generator placement are the first-line approach in the majority of adults due to their extensively documented clinical benefit and efficiency with comparably low periprocedural implantation risks as well as the option of providing pain-free tachycardia treatment via anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP), concomitant bradycardiaprotection, and incorporation in a cardiac resynchronization therapy if indicated. Yet, expanding ICD indications particularly among younger and more complex patient groups as well as the increasingly evident long-term consequences and complications associated with intravascular lead placements promoted the development of alternative ICD configurations. Most established in daily clinical practice is the subcutaneous ICD but other innovative extravascular approaches like epicardial, pericardial, extra-pleural, and most recently substernal defibrillator coil placements have been introduced as well to overcome shortcomings associated with traditional devices and allow for individualized treatment strategies tailored to the patients characteristics and needs. The review aims to provide practical solutions for common complications encountered with transvenous ICD systems including restricted venous access, high defibrillation/fibrillation thresholds (DFTs), and recurrent device infections. We summarize the contemporary options for non-traditional extravascular ICD configurations outlining indications, advantages, and disadvantages.

Keywords: Epicardial implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Extra-pleural implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; High defibrillation/fibrillation threshold; Hybrid implantable cardioverter-defibrillator configurations; Non-traditional implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Substernal implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; Venous access crisis.

Chest X-ray with defibrillator coils in RV, SVC, subclavian vein, coronary sinus, left parasternal subcutaneous, and epicardial space. Additional pace-sense lead in RV.

Figure 1

Inside-out central venous access with right infraclavicular exit in superior vena cava occlusion (adapted from Ref.²¹). (A) Venogram via femoral working sheath demonstrates occluded SVC. (B) Inside-out venous access kit with needle guide puncturing through occluded vein segment and (C) guide wire exiting at site of radiopaque skin marker inferior to right clavicula.

Figure 2

Examples for hybrid ICD configurations. (A) Transvenous dual-coil ICD including coronary sinus coil and pace-sense leads (yellow arrows, two abandoned, one tunnelled to abdominal generator) with epicardial defibrillator coil (blue arrow). (B) Epicardial ICD with two dual-coil HV leads (blue arrows) and traditional subcutaneous coil (orange arrow) in posterolateral position tunnelled to left pectoral generator. (C) Subcutaneous ICD^TM (orange arrow and ◊) with leadless pacemaker in RV (yellow arrow, Micra) and WiSE CRT (red *). (D) Transvenous dual-coil ICD (yellow arrows) with WiSE CRT (red *). CRT, cardiac resynchronization therapy; ICD, implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; RV, right ventricular.