Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2021 Aug 28;22(1):172.
doi: 10.1186/s12875-021-01519-4.

How are reasons for encounter associated with influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection diagnoses and interventions? A cohort study in eight Italian general practice populations

Nicola Buono  1 , Michael Harris  2   3 , Carmine Farinaro  4 , Ferdinando Petrazzuoli  5 , Angelo Cavicchi  4 , Filippo D'Addio  4 , Amedeo Scelsa  4 , Baldassarre Mirra  4 , Enrico Napolitano  4 , Jean K Soler  6
Affiliations

How are reasons for encounter associated with influenza-like illness and acute respiratory infection diagnoses and interventions? A cohort study in eight Italian general practice populations

Nicola Buono et al. BMC Fam Pract. .

Abstract

Background: Influenza-like illness (ILI) and Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) are a considerable health problem in Europe. Most diagnoses are made by family physicians (FPs) and based on symptoms and clinical signs rather than on diagnostic testing. The International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) advocates that FPs record patients' 'Reasons for Encounters' (RfEs) as they are presented to them. This study analyses the association of patients' RfEs with FPs' diagnoses of ILI and ARI diagnoses and FPs' management of those patients.

Methods: Cohort study of practice populations. Over a 4-month period during the winter season 2013-14, eight FPs recorded ILI and ARI patients' RfEs and how they were managed. FPs recorded details of their patients using the ICPC format, collecting data in an Episode of Care (EoC) structure.

Results: There were 688 patients diagnosed as having ILI; between them they presented with a total of 2,153 RfEs, most commonly fever (79.7%), cough (59.7%) and pain (33.0%). The 848 patients with ARI presented with a total of 1,647 RfEs, most commonly cough (50.4%), throat symptoms (25.9%) and fever (19.9%). For patients with ILI, 37.0% of actions were related to medication for respiratory symptoms; this figure was 38.4% for patients with ARI. FPs referred six patients to specialists or hospitals (0.39% of all patients diagnosed with ILI and ARI).

Conclusions: In this study of patients with ILI and ARI, less than half received a prescription from their FPs, and the illnesses were mainly managed in primary care, with few patients' needing referral. The ICPC classification allowed a standardised data collection system, providing documentary evidence of the management of those diseases.

Keywords: Influenza; Primary care; Respiratory infections; Symptom assessment.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

All authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
ILI and ARI weekly incidences during the study data collection period
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Weekly incidence of ILI in this study compared with the equivalent Italian influenza national sentinel surveillance (Influnet Italy) data for the same time period
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

Cited by

References

    1. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN). 2018. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX%3A32018D09.... Accessed 7 Apr 2020.
    1. European Commission. Commission Decision 2009/363/EC of 30 April 2009 amending Decision 2002/253/EC laying down case definitions for reporting communicable diseases to the Community network under Decision No 2119/ 98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, OJ L 110, 1.5.208, p. 58. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32009D0363.... Accessed 7 Apr 2020.
    1. Fleming D. Influenza: the changing scene. Microbiol Today. 2000;27:76–77.
    1. Anderson KB, Simasathien S, Watanaveeradej V, Weg AL, Ellison DW, Suwanpakdee D, et al. Clinical and laboratory predictors of influenza infection among individuals with influenza-like illness presenting to an urban Thai hospital over a five-year period. PLoS One. 2018 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193050. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Truyers C, Lesaffre E, Bartholomeeusen S, Aertgeerts B, Snacken R, Brochier B, et al. Computerized general practice-based networks yield comparable performance with sentinel data in monitoring epidemiological time-course of influenza-like illness and acute respiratory illness. BMC Fam Pract. 2010;11:24. doi: 10.1186/1471-2296-11-24. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

MeSH terms