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Review
. 2021 Oct:231:108842.
doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108842. Epub 2021 Aug 27.

Immunomodulation and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19

Sourbh Suren Garg  1 , Atulika Sharma  2 , Jeena Gupta  3
Affiliations
Review

Immunomodulation and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19

Sourbh Suren Garg et al. Clin Immunol. 2021 Oct.

Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 causes coronavirus disease 2019, a pandemic which was originated from Wuhan city of China. The pandemic has affected millions of people worldwide. The pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a cytokine storm in the blood (cytokinemia) and tissues, especially the lungs. One of the major repercussions of this inflammatory process is the endothelial injury-causing intestinal bleeding, coagulopathy, and thromboembolism which result in various sudden and unexpected post-COVID complications including kidney failure, myocardial infarction, or multiorgan failure. In this review, we have summarized the immune responses, biochemical changes, and inflammatory responses in the human body after infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The increased amount of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and involvement of complement proteins in inflammatory reaction increase the risk of occurrence of disease.

Keywords: Coagulopathy; Coronavirus; Cytokines storm; Immune system; Inflammation; Interferons; Interleukins; SARS-CoV-2.

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Conflict of interest statement

We wish to confirm that there is no conflict of interest associated with this publication. Further, there has been no significant financial support for this work that could have influenced its outcome.

Figures

Unlabelled Image
Graphical abstract
Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Life cycle of SARS-CoV-2.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Involvement of immune cells in development of inflammation.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Activity of interleukins in viral response.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Variations in inflammatory mediators and proteins during COVID-19 infection.
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Fig. 5
T-cells in Cytokine storm.
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Fig. 6
Complications of COVID-19.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Role of remdesivir in suppression of COVID-19.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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